Table 3. Association between 30-day all-cause deaths and potential independent variables for patients with Clostridium difficile infections, Hong Kong, China, 2006–2014*.
| Variable | Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis† |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | OR (95% CI) | p value | β | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Age, y | ||||||
| <44 | NA | 1.0 | NA | NA | 1.0 | NA |
| 45−64 | 0.38 | 1.46 (1.34–1.58) | <0.01 | 0.39 | 1.48 (1.35–1.62) | <0.01 |
| 65−84 | 1.02 | 2.77 (2.45–3.14) | <0.01 | 0.99 | 2.69 (2.34–3.08) | <0.01 |
| >85 | 1.77 | 5.87 (4.57–7.56) | <0.01 | 1.62 | 5.04 (3.88–6.55) | <0.01 |
| Male sex | 0.10 | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | 0.01 | 0.17 | 1.18 (1.09–1.28) | <0.01 |
| Resident of home for elderly persons | 0.55 | 1.73 (1.59–1.87) | <0.01 | 0.33 | 1.39 (1.27–1.52) | <0.01 |
| Severe disease‡ | −0.01 | 0.99 (0.92–1.08) | 0.94 | NA | NA | NA |
| Antimicrobial drug use§ | ||||||
| High-risk drug | 0.62 | 1.85 (1.68–2.04) | <0.01 | 0.34 | 1.40 (1.26–1.56) | <0.01 |
| Medium-risk drug | 0.17 | 1.18 (1.09–1.28) | <0.01 | 0.10 | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) | 0.02 |
| Low-risk drug | 0.24 | 1.27 (0.94–1.72) | 0.12 | NA | NA | NA |
| Diagnostic test | ||||||
| Bacterial culture | NA | 1.0 | NA | NA | 1.0 | NA |
| Toxin detection | −0.33 | 0.72 (0.65–0.79) | <0.01 | −0.25 | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) | <0.01 |
| NAAT | −0.13 | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) | <0.01 | -0.05 | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.34 |
| Use of proton-pump inhibitor | 0.37 | 1.44 (1.34–1.56) | <0.01 | 0.24 | 1.27 (1.17–1.38) | <0.01 |
| Use of histamine-2 receptor antagonist | 0.15 | 1.16 (1.08–1.25) | <0.01 | 0.11 | 1.12 (1.03–1.21) | <0.01 |
| Healthcare-associated disease | 0.63 | 1.88 (1.65–2.13) | <0.01 | 0.44 | 1.55 (1.12–1.44) | <0.01 |
| Concurrent condition | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 0.44 | 1.54 (1.37–1.74) | <0.01 | 0.24 | 1.27 (1.12–1.44) | <0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0.10 | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 0.01 | 0.14 | 1.14 (1.05–1.25) | <0.01 |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.08 | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 0.16 | NA | NA | NA |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.06 | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 0.24 | NA | NA | NA |
| Renal disease | 0.31 | 1.36 (1.25–1.48) | <0.01 | 0.39 | 1.47 (1.34–1.61) | <0.01 |
| Nonmetastatic tumor | 0.18 | 1.2 (1.10–1.31) | <0.01 | 0.47 | 1.60 (1.45–1.75) | <0.01 |
| AIDS | 0.11 | 0.59 (0.31–1.12) | 0.11 | NA | NA | NA |
| Inflammatory bowled disease | −1.39 | 0.25 (0.13–0.49) | <0.01 | −0.36 | 0.70 (0.35–1.41) | 0.32 |
*NA, not applicable; NAAT, nucleic acid amplification test. †p = 0.74 by Hosmer-Lemeshow test. ‡Severe disease was diagnosed according to the according to criteria of Cohen et al (13). §Antimicrobial drug use 8 weeks before diagnosis was stratified into high risk (floroquinolones, cephalosporins, and clindamycin); medium risk (penicillins, macrolides, and sulfonamides); and low risk (tetracyclines).