Table 5. Temporal change in exposure prevalence for patients with Clostridium difficile infections in association with trend in recurrence, Hong Kong, China, 2006–2014*.
| Exposure | Period, prevalence (standardized Pearson residuals), % |
Absolute residual difference, %† | p value‡ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006–2008 | 2009–2011 | 2012–2014 | |||
| Age, y | |||||
| <44 | 18.3 (0.4) | 34.9 (3.0) | 46.8 (−2.5) | 2.9 | <0.01 |
| 45–64 | 17.4 (−0.6) | 32.5 (2.6) | 50.1 (−1.7) | 1.1 | <0.01 |
| 65–84 | 19.2 (2.7) | 28.9 (−1.4) | 51.9 (−0.5) | 3.2 | <0.01 |
| >85 | 16.1 (−3.0) | 28.4 (−1.8) | 55.5 (3.1) | 6.1 | <0.01 |
| Male sex | 48.6 (0.1) | 48.5 (0.0) | 48.4 (−0.1) | 0.2 | 0.97 |
| Resident of home for elderly persons | 27.6 (−2.6) | 29.5 (−1.0) | 31.6 (2.3) | 4.9 | <0.01 |
| Severe disease | 16.9 (10.5) | 32.6 (2.6) | 50.5 (−6.7) | 17.2 | <0.01 |
| Antimicrobial drug use§ | |||||
| High-risk drug | 18.5 (1.5) | 28.4 (−2.7) | 53.1 (1.2) | 0.3 | 0.65 |
| Medium-risk drug | 17.4 (−1.1) | 28.1 (−3.6) | 54.5 (3.3) | 4.4 | <0.01 |
| Low-risk drug | 12.6 (−1.9) | 19.3 (−2.9) | 152 (3.3) | 5.2 | <0.01 |
| Diagnostic test | |||||
| Bacterial culture | 18.9 (1.7) | 29.0 (−1.0) | 52.0 (−0.3) | 2 | <0.01 |
| Toxin detection | 36.0 (31.1) | 35.0 (6.9) | 28.9 (−23.4) | 54.5 | <0.01 |
| NAAT | 0 (−31.7) | 25.7 (−5.7) | 74.3 (22.9) | 54.6 | <0.01 |
| Use of proton-pump inhibitor | 35.8 (−9.0) | 40.7 (−6.6) | 55.2 (10.3) | 19.3 | <0.01 |
| Use of histamine-2 receptor antagonist | 54.7 (6.0) | 46.1 (−0.9) | 44.9 (−2.9) | 8.9 | <0.01 |
| Healthcare-associated disease | 18.1 (0.7) | 30.0 (0.5) | 51.9 (−0.7) | 1.4 | <0.01 |
| Concurrent condition | |||||
| Myocardial infarction | 5.3 (−7.2) | 7.9 (−3.4) | 11.7 (6.8) | 14 | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease accident | 28.8 (−3.4) | 32.8 (0.5) | 33.5 (1.7) | 5.1 | <0.01 |
| Chronic lung disease | 12.4 (−3.6) | 14.5 (−1.0) | 16.3 (2.9) | 6.5 | <0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 20.5 (2.6) | 19.0 (1.0) | 17.3 (−2.3) | 4.9 | <0.01 |
| Renal disease | 18.4 (−4.8) | 22.5 (−0.2) | 24.3 (3.1) | 7.9 | <0.01 |
| Nonmetastatic tumor | 21.7 (−3.7) | 27.1 (2.6) | 25.2 (0.2) | 3.9 | 0.01 |
| AIDS | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.4 (−0.7) | 0.9 | 0.55 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 0.5 (−2.0) | 0.7 (−1.2) | 1.1 (2.2) | 4.4 | 0.01 |
*NAAT, nucleic acid amplification test. †Absolute difference between standardized Pearson residuals in 2012–2014 and 2006–2008. ‡By χ2 test for trend. §Antimicrobial drug use 8 weeks before diagnosis was stratified into high risk (floroquinolones, cephalosporins, and clindamycin); medium risk (penicillins, macrolides, and sulfonamides); and low risk (tetracyclines).