Figure 4. Other considerations for mechanistic ablation in AF.

A) Distribution of ganglionated plexi in the left atrium, with clustering around the PVs. From [69]. B) Left atrial fibrosis imaging may inform ablation strategies. 3D left atrial shell has patchy fibrosis in a Utah Stage IV patient. From [66]. Regardless of targets, a schematic C) of left atrial area (note posterior wall alone is over 30 cm²) shows the extensive ablation performed (blue shading) during routine cryoballoon therapy. Note that the shaded area has significant overlap with targets in A) & B). From [67].