Table 4: Newborn characteristics by maternal gestational diabetes status.
| Characteristic | Mean ± SE*† | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational diabetes* n = 359 |
No gestational diabetes n = 630 |
||
| Male, no. (%) | 188 (52.4) | 304 (48.2) | |
| Gestational age, wk | 38.8 ± 1.6 | 39.3 ± 1.4 | |
| Size for gestational age,‡ no. (%) | |||
| Large | 48 (13.4) | 55 (8.7) | 0.02 |
| Average | 277 (77.2) | 493 (78.2) | |
| Small | 24 (6.7) | 64 (10.2) | |
| Unknown | 10 (2.8) | 18 (2.8) | |
| Birth weight, g | 3267 ± 23 | 3181 ± 17 | 0.005 |
| Length, cm | 51.0 ± 0.1 | 51.1 ± 0.1 | 0.7 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 30.8 ± 0.1 | 30.3 ± 0.1 | 0.009 |
| Head circumference, cm | 34.1 ± 0.1 | 34.0 ± 0.1 | 0.4 |
| Sum of skinfold measurements, mm | 11.7 ± 0.1 | 11.2 ± 0.1 | 0.007 |
| Triceps skinfold thickness, mm | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 0.05 |
| Subscapular skinfold thickness, mm | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 0.002 |
| Ponderal index§ | 24.8 ± 0.2 | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 0.002 |
| Placental weight, g | 503.2 ± 8.1 | 474.9 ± 5.8 | 0.007 |
| Cord blood glucose level, mmol/L | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.0 | 0.9 |
| Cord blood insulin (log) level, pmol/L | 76.3 ± 3.8 | 61.6 ± 2.8 | 0.002 |
| Glucose/insulin ratio, mmol/pmol¶ | 0.092 ± 0.009 | 0.129 ± 0.006 | 0.001 |
Note: SE = standard error.
*Except where noted otherwise.
†Adjusted for gestational age, sex and insulin use by mother during pregnancy.
‡Determined from gestational age and sex-specific percentiles from study data.
§Birth weight (kg)/birth length (m3).
¶Non log insulin level used.