Table 2.
Summary statistics
| Study variables | Full sample | Valid Nhis | No Valid Nhis | Mean diff | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P-value | |
| Neonatal Death | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.642 |
| Mother’s Age | 36.86 | 7.62 | 37.43 | 7.63 | 36.55 | 7.58 | 0.000 |
| Twin | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.095 |
| Birth order | 2.95 | 1.93 | 3.09 | 2.02 | 2.83 | 1.86 | 0.000 |
| Child is Male | 0.51 | 0.5 | 0.53 | 0.5 | 0.52 | 0.5 | 0.208 |
| Number of ANC Visits | 6.26 | 2.82 | 5.97 | 2.73 | 6.54 | 2.67 | 0.00 |
| Delivered by CS | 0.1 | 0.31 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.349 |
| Faciltiy Delivery | 0.92 | 0.27 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.93 | 0.25 | 0.000 |
| Birth Interval | 0.86 | 0.34 | 0.87 | 0.34 | 0.87 | 0.33 | 0.465 |
| Distance to Health Facility a Problem | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0.3 | 0.46 | 0.000 |
| Mother’s Education | |||||||
| No education | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.49 | 0.000 |
| Primary | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.001 |
| Secondary | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.000 |
| Higher | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.014 |
| Employment Status | |||||||
| Employed | 0.87 | 0.33 | 0.9 | 0.29 | 0.86 | 0.34 | 0.000 |
| Marital Status | |||||||
| Single | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.079 |
| Married | 0.69 | 0.46 | 0.75 | 0.43 | 0.73 | 0.45 | 0.011 |
| Living Together | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.001 |
| Formerly Married | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.339 |
| Wealth Quintiles | |||||||
| Poorest | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.5 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.000 |
| Poor | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.000 |
| Middle | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.000 |
| Rich | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.000 |
| Richest | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.911 |
| Place of Residence | |||||||
| Urban | 0.397 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.000 |
| Region of Residence | |||||||
| Greater Accra | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.000 |
| Western | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.1 | 0.31 | 0.000 |
| Central | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.822 |
| Volta | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.000 |
| Eastern | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.000 |
| Ashanti | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.000 |
| Brong Ahafo | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.000 |
| Northern | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.000 |
| Upper East | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.000 |
| Upper West | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.1 | 0.31 | 0.000 |
| Observations | 23,118 | 1941 | 13,055 | ||||