Table 1.

Ab-based therapies targeting glioma models in vivo, their proposed mechanism of passage and their therapeutic outcomes (2013–present).

	Therapeutic agent	Mechanism of passage	Brain tumor model	Therapeutic outcome	Referece
1	ANG-4043: anti-HER2 Ab conjugated to CPP Angiopep-2	RMT	Intracranial breast ductal carcinomaa xenograft (BT-474) in mice	Increase in median survival (for 80 days)	(44)
2	Anti-Ang-2/TSPO bispecific Ab	Unknown	Intracranial glioblastoma xenograft (GL261) in mice; glioblastoma bearing rats treated with bevacizumab prior to treatment	Reduced tumor size and increased survival in mice; increased overall survival and reduced macrophage infiltration in rats	(70)
3	Anti-Ang-2/VEGF bispecific Ab	Unknown	Intracranial glioblastoma xenografts (GL261, MGG8) in mice	Decreased vessel density, delayed tumor growth, prolonged survival, reprogramming of macrophages in GL261 mice; prolonged survival and reprogramming of macrophages in MGG8 mice	(71)
4	Anti-EGFRvIII/CD3 BiTE	Unknown	Intracranial glioblastoma xenograft (U87MG.ΔEGFR) in mice	Prolonged survival and complete cure rates up to 75%	(75)
5	NZ-1-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL: anti-podoplanin immunotoxin	n/a—CED	Intracranial medulloblastomaa (D425MED) xenograft in mice	Increase in survival (41%)	(39)
6	D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL: anti-EGFR/EGFRvIII immunotoxin	n/a—CED	Intracranial glioblastoma xenografts (43MG, NR6M and D270MG) in mice	Increased survival (43MG by 310%, NR6M by 28%, D270MG by 160%)	(76)
7	IP10-EGFRvIII scfV	n/a—i.c.	Intracranial glioblastoma xenograft (U87MG.ΔEGFR) in mice	Reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival	(77)
8	Anti-PD-1 Ab (±radiation therapy)	Route of administration is unknown	Intracranial glioblastoma xenograft (GL261-Luc) in mice	Long-term survival (180 + days) for 15–40% of animals	(78)
9	Ficlatuzumab (±temozolomide)	Unknown	Intracranial glioblastoma xenograft (U87MG) in mice	Prolonged survival in monotherapy. More prolonged survival in combination therapy where 80% of animals remained free of clinical signs of the disease after treatment	(79)
10	mAb9.2.27: anti-NG2 Ab (±NK cells)	n/a—intra-lesional treatment	Intracranial glioblastoma xenografts (U251-NG2, U87MG) in rats	Prolonged median survival time (combination therapy: U251-NG2 for 5,5 days and U87MG for 52 days)	(80)
11	AMG 595: Ab drug conjugate anti-EGFRvIII conjugated to DM1	Unknown	Intracranial glioblastoma xenograft [D317(EGFRvIII positive)] in mice	Inhibition of tumor growth	(81)
12	TTAC-0001: anti-VEGFR-2/KDR Ab	Unknown	Intracranial glioblastoma xenograft (U87MG) in mice	Inhibition of tumor growth	(35)
13	Nanocomplex scL-TMZ: cationic liposomes encapsulating temozolomide and conjugated to anti-TfR scFv	RMT	Intracranial glioblastoma xenograft (U87-luc2) in mice	Inhibition of tumor growth, prolonged survival	(58)
14	Anti-EGFRvIII Ab + rapamycin	Unknown	Intracranial glioblastoma xenograft (U251-EGFRvIII) in mice	Prolonged median survival time (combination therapy by 31,5 days)	(82)
15	Anti-Ang2 Ab + cediranib	Unknown	Intracranial glioblastoma xenografts (U87, GL261) in mice	Prolonged median survival time (combination therapy U87 by 21 days and GL261 by 18 days), slower tumor growth rate in the GL261 model, development of early necrosis in the U87 model, structural vessel normalization in both models, alteration of tumor-associated macrophages	(83)
16	Anti-CD47 Ab	Unknown	Intracranial glioblastoma xenografts (GBM4, GBM5) in mice	Reduced tumor burden, survival benefit, alteration of tumor-associated macrophages	(84)
17	Anti-GITR Ab + radiation therapy	Unknown	Intracranial glioblastoma xenograft (GL261-luc) in mice	Combination therapy: improved survival, delayed tumor progression, a subset of cured long-term survivors	(85)
18	Anti-CD40 Ab	n/a—CED	Intracranial glioblastoma xenografts (GL261, NSCL61, bRiTs-G3) in mice	Prolonged survival	(86)
19	Bevacizumab	n/a—transcranial focused ultrasound	Intracranial glioblastoma xenograft (U87) in mice	Increase in median survival time (135%)	(87)

^aNot glioma models.