Figure 4.

Vδ2⁺ γδ T cells exhibit anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in primary HIV infection (PHI). (A) Correlation analyses in viremic patients (A) between absolute numbers of Vδ2⁻ γδ T cells and the proportion of CD45RA⁺CD27⁻ (T_EMRA) Vδ2⁻ γδ T cells, and (B) between Vδ2⁺ γδ T cells and the proportion of CD45RA⁺CD27⁻ (T_EMRA) Vδ2⁺ γδ T cells. (C) Relationship between the frequency of Ki-67⁺Vδ2⁺ γδ T cells and the proportion of CD38⁺Vδ2⁺ γδ T cells in PHI patients. (D) Representative FACS staining of IFN-γ production by Vδ2⁺ and Vδ2⁻ γδ T cells from a UT-CHI patient with or without CD3/CD28 stimulation for 24 h. Comparison of frequencies of IFN-γ⁺Vδ2⁺ γδ T cells between healthy donors (HD), and patients with primary HIV infection (PHI) as well as chronic HIV infection (CHI)—untreated (UT) and treated with ART (ART). (E) Representative FACS staining of TGF-β production by Vδ2⁺ γδ T cells from a PHI patient with or without 4 days of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) stimulation. Comparison of frequencies of TGF-β⁺Vδ2⁺ γδ T cells between HD, PHI, UT-CHI, and ART-CHI. (F) Comparison of the ratio of frequencies of TGF-β⁺/IFN-γ⁺Vδ2⁺ γδ T cells between HD, PHI, UT-CHI, and ART-CHI. Data are displayed as median and IQR. Mann–Whitney and Spearman rank correlation tests were performed. Spearman rank correlation coefficients (r) are indicated in the panels. p-Values are indicated as significant when <0.05; ns, non-significant.