Table 2.
Hazard Ratio of Mortality by TB and Urinary LAM Status Among ART-Naive HIV-Infected South African Adults
| Screening Test | Number of Deaths/ Number at Risk (%) | Unadjusted Models | Adjusted Modelsa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | ||
| All Participants | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 42/504 (8.3) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Evidence of TBb and LAM-negative | 18/129 (14.0) | 1.73 (0.99–3.00) | .05 | 1.54 (0.89–2.69) | .13 |
| Urine LAM-positive | 29/93 (31.2) | 4.26 (2.65–6.84) | <.0001 | 3.58 (2.20–5.81) | <.0001 |
| CD4 >200 cells/mm3 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 9/271 (3.3) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Evidence of TBb and LAM-negative | 3/30 (10.0) | 3.17 (0.86–11.7) | .08 | 3.46 (0.85–14.1) | .08 |
| Urine LAM-positive | 2/18 (11.1) | 3.41 (0.74–15.8) | .12 | 4.99 (0.98–25.4) | .05 |
| CD4 101–200 cells/mm3 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 6/69 (8.7) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Evidence of TBb and LAM-negative | 7/31 (22.6) | 2.74 (0.92–8.16) | .07 | 2.80 (0.91–8.57) | .07 |
| Urine LAM-positive | 4/18 (22.2) | 2.80 (0.79–9.92) | .11 | 2.72 (0.76–9.76) | .13 |
| CD4 ≤100 cells/mm3 | |||||
| No evidence of TB and LAM-negative | 27/164 (9.3) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Evidence of TBb and LAM-negative | 8/68 (11.8) | 0.70 (0.32–1.53) | .37 | 0.65 (0.29–1.43) | .28 |
| Urine LAM-positive | 23/57 (40.4) | 2.80 (1.61–4.89) | .0003 | 2.38 (1.34–4.21) | .003 |
| Participants With Microbiologically Confirmed TB | |||||
| Urine LAM-negative | 14/99 (14.1) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 15/40 (37.5) | 3.01 (1.45–6.23) | .003 | 2.91 (1.26–6.73) | .01 |
| CD4 ≤100 cells/mm3 | |||||
| Urine LAM-negative | 10/71 (14.1) | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Urine LAM-positive | 14/34 (41.2) | 3.48 (1.54–7.84) | .003 | 4.55 (1.71–12.1) | .003 |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LAM, lipoarabinomannan; Ref., ; TB, tuberculosis.
aAdjusted by age, sex, education, and smoking status.
bEvidence of TB was defined as either microbiologically postive for TB or being started empirically on anti-TB therapy.