Table 1.
Characteristics of patients according to isolation of multidrug-resistant microorganism in exacerbation
| Characteristics | Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms Isolated | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | p g | ||
| Total No. | 127 (79.9) | 32 (20.1) | ||
| Demographic data | Age | 70 (62–77) | 75 (68–79.5) | 0.056 |
| >65 years | 82 (64.6) | 25 (78.1) | 0.159 | |
| Male | 50 (39.4) | 18 (56.2) | 0.085 | |
| Smoker or former smoker | 58 (45.7) | 18 (56.2) | 0.284 | |
| Alcohol abusea | 6 (4.7) | 2 (6.2) | 0.724 | |
| Flu vaccine | 89 (70.1) | 18 (56.2) | 0.136 | |
| Comorbid condition | Arterial hypertension | 54 (42.5) | 20 (62.5) | 0.043 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 20 (15.7) | 7 (21.9) | 0.409 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 11 (8.7) | 1 (3.1) | 0.289 | |
| Congestive heart failure | 14 (11) | 8 (25) | 0.041 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3 (2.4) | 1 (3.1) | 0.805 | |
| COPDb | 32 (25.2) | 14 (43.8) | 0.039 | |
| Asthma | 12 (9.4) | 3 (9.4) | 0.990 | |
| Previous pulmonary tuberculosis | 11 (8.7) | 4 (12.5) | 0.507 | |
| Renal disease | 6 (4.7) | 7 (21.9) | 0.002 | |
| Liver disease | 8 (6.3) | 2 (6.2) | 0.984 | |
| Age-adjusted Charlson >5 | 46 (36.2) | 17 (53.1) | 0.081 | |
| Cystic bronchiectasis | 7 (5.5) | 4 (12.9) | 0.147 | |
| Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection | 58 (45.7) | 18 (56.2) | 0.284 | |
| Chronic infection by other microorganism | 32 (25.2) | 9 (29) | 0.662 | |
| Prior isolation of MDRc microorganism | 11 (8.7) | 13 (40.6) | 0.000 | |
| Treatment | Long-acting B-agonist | 99 (78) | 28 (87.5) | 0.229 |
| Long-acting Anticholinergic | 72 (56.7) | 19 (59.4) | 0.784 | |
| Theophylline | 5 (3.9) | 3 (9.4) | 0.208 | |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 96 (75.6) | 26 (81.2) | 0.498 | |
| Long term oral corticosteroidsd | 11 (8.7) | 2 (6.2) | 0.656 | |
| Long term oral antibiotics | 15 (11.8) | 4 (12.5) | 0.914 | |
| Inhaled/Nebulized antibiotic | 25 (19.7) | 11 (34.4) | 0.076 | |
| Mucolytics | 43 (33.9) | 9 (28.1) | 0.537 | |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 65 (51.2) | 20 (62.5) | 0.251 | |
| Chronic oxygen therapy | 14 (11) | 9 (28.1) | 0.014 | |
| Regular chest physiotherapy | 43 (33.9) | 10 (31.2) | 0.780 | |
| History of exacerbations | Hospitalization last year | 62 (48.8) | 26 (81.2) | 0.001 |
| Previous history of pneumonia | 67 (52.8) | 14 (43.8) | 0.362 | |
| Exacerbation last year | 98 (77.2) | 28 (87.5) | 0.198 | |
| N° exacerbations last year | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 0.108 | |
| Courses of antibiotic last year | 1 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.366 | |
| Prognostic scales | Severe FACEDe | 16 (12.6) | 9 (28.1) | 0.031 |
| Severe BSIf | 74 (58.3) | 26 (81.2) | 0.016 | |
Data are presented as n (%) or median (interquartile range)
aAlcohol abuse: more than 80 g/day
bCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
cMDR: multidrug-resistant
dLong term oral steroids: less than 20 mg/day prednisone or equivalent
eFACED: FEV1, age, colonization, extension, dyspnea
fBSI: bronchiectasis severity index
g p value: the χ2 test was performed for categorical data and the Mann-Whitney U test was performed for continuous data