Table 1. Vaccines, route of administration and their protectivity.
| Type of vaccine | Route of vaccination | Protectivity | Remarks | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recombinant betanodavirus of RNA2 capsid protein r-FNCP42 | IM | 75% higher survival rate of juveniles of Asian seabass challenged with 1 × 106.5 TCID50 of nodavirus/fish | As the genome sequence analysis of r-FNCP42 has more than 98–99% of similarity with other fish nodavirus including red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus, Dicentrarchus labrax encephalitis virus, Asian seabass nervous necrosis virus, and Epinephelus tauvina nervous necrosis virus (ETNV), thus cross protectivity of r-FNCP42 against other strains of nodavirus shall be tested. | Vimal et al. (2014);Vimal et al. (2016) |
| Recombinant r-FNCP42-DNA | IM | 77% higher survival rate of juveniles of Asian seabass challenged with 1 × 106.5 TCID50 of nodavirus/fish | Capsid protein was highly expressed in the heart, muscle and liver of the vaccinated fish. | Vimal et al. (2016) |
| Recombinant capsid protein MGNNV virus like particles (VLPs) | IM | ∼70% higher survival rate of juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) challenged with 105 TCID50/fish | MGNNV induced humoral immunity against nodavirus. | Thiery et al. (2006) |
| DNA vaccine pVHSV-G encoding glycoprotein of viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus | IM | ∼54% higher survival rate of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) challenged with 106.3 TCID50 | DNA vaccine induced inflammatory response that cross protect nodavirus infection. | Sommerset et al. (2003) |
| Synthetic peptides (N-terminal regions) of nodavirus DIEV RNA2 protein | IM | ∼27% higher survival rate of seabass challenged with 109 FCU/fish | Peptides induced humoral immunity. | Coeurdacier, Laporte & Pepin (2003) |
| Heat inactivated S1 and Sb2 nodavirus | IM | ∼33% and 26% higher survival rate of seabass challenged with 9 × 109 FCU/fish, respectively | Induced humoral immunity. | Coeurdacier, Laporte & Pepin (2003) |
| Virus-like particles (VLPs) of grouper nervous necrosis virus | IM | – | Induced humoral immunity. No challenge test was performed. | Liu et al. (2006b) |
| Recombinant RGNNV-CP | IM | ∼60% higher survival rate of humpback grouper challenged with 105.5 TCID50/fish, respectively | Induced humoral immunity. | Yuasa et al. (2002) |
| Recombinant ETNNV-CP (Epinephelus tauvina nervous necrosis virus-capsid protein) | IM | – | Induced stronger humoral immunity than formalin inactivated nodavirus. No challenge test was performed. | Hegde, Lam & Sin (2005) |
| Formalin inactivated nodavirus | IP | 60% higher survival rate of brown-marbled grouper challenged with 106.5 TCID50/fish of OSGBF1E | Induction of humoral immunity. | Pakingking Jr et al. (2009) |
| Recombinant capsid protein, recAHNV-C | IP | 29% higher survival rate of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) challenged with 106 TCID50/ml AHNV | Fishes vaccinated with plasmid DNA expressing the recombinant capsid protein were not protected as the plasmid DNA only induced cellular but not humoral immunity. | Sommerset et al. (2005) |
| Formalin inactivated SGWak97 | IP | Not reported | Inactivated SGWak97 induced humoral immunity. | Pakingking Jr et al. (2009) |
| Recombinant rT2 SJNNV-CP (Scophthalmus maximus nervous necrosis virus-capsid protein) | IP | ∼36% higher survival rate of humpback grouper challenged with 6.3 × 107 TCID50/fish, respectively | Induced humoral immunity. | Húsgağ et al. (2001) |
| Chitosan-encapsulated DNA vaccine (CP-pNNV) | Oral | 55% higher survival rate of juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) challenged with 106 TCID50/fish | CP-pNNV failed to induce humoral immunity but activated interferon pathway and cell-medicated cytotoxicity. | Valero et al. (2016b) |
| Chitosan conjugated DNA vaccine pcDNA-XSVAS | Oral | Approximately 50% higher survival rate of prawn challenged with crude extract of prawn with WTD. | XSV with nodavirus caused white tail disease (WTD) in prawn. The challenge experiment shall consider using isolated virus instead of crude one. | Ramya et al. (2014) |
| Recombinant yeast expressing RGNNV-CP (red-spotted grouper necrosis virus capsid protein) | Oral | – | Induced humoral immunity in mice. No challenge test was performed. | Kim et al. (2013) |
| Artemia-encapsulated recombinant pET24a-NNV VP E. coli expressing nodavirus capsid protein | Oral | ∼34% higher survival rate of grouper larvae challenged with 105 TCID50/fish, respectively | Induced humoral immunity. | Lin et al. (2007) |
| Inactivated bacteria encapsulated dsRNA of MrNV and XSV | Oral | MrNV challenge 24 h and 72 h post-feeding showed relative percent survival of 80% and 75%, respectively | Protection through RNA interference with capsid and B2 genes of MrNV, and capsid gene of XSV. | Naveen Kumar, Karunasagar & Karunasagar (2013) |
| Solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulated binary ethylenimine inactivated nodavirus | Bath and Oral | 45% higher survival rate of grouper larvae challenged with 1 × 106 TCID50/ml HGNNV | Simple vaccination procedure that fit for larvae. Both routes of vaccinations induced pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, type I IFN response, humoral immunity and cellular immunity. | Kai & Chi (2008), Kai, Wu & Chi (2014) |
| Recombinant MrNV capsid protein | Bath | Immersion for 24 h followed by MrNV challenge showed 76.03% survival in 15 days post-challenge | Protection is believed to be through upregulation of prophenoloxidase, superoxide anion and SOD activity. | Farook et al. (2014b) |
Notes.
- IM
- intramuscular injection
- IP
- intraperitoneal injection
- Oral
- oral feeding
- Bath
- immersion