Table 3.
Associations of the revision of dietary guidelines and demographic, economic, geographical, anthropometric and seasonal factors with the frequency of consuming vitamin D-rich foods among Canadian children aged 6 to 18 years, participating in the 2007/2009 (Cycle 1) and 2012/2013 (Cycle 3) Canadian Health Measures Surveys.
| Covariate | Consuming Milk Daily or More Frequently ‡,† | Consuming Fish Weekly or More Frequently ‡,† | Consuming Egg Weekly or More Frequently ‡,† | Consuming Red Meat Weekly or More Frequently ‡,† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Cycle # | ||||||||
| Cycle 1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Cycle 3 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.05 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | <0.01 | 0.9 (0.8, 3.1) | 0.54 | 0.7 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.22 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 6–9 years | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 10–13 years | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | <0.01 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.96 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.64 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.97 |
| 14–18 years | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | <0.01 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.28 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.84 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.92 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Boys | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Girls | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | <0.01 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.54 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.11 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | <0.01 |
| Household income | ||||||||
| <50,000 CAD | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 50,000–<100,000 CAD | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.85 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.99 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.46 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 0.57 |
| ≥100,000 CAD | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.63 | 1.3 (1.0, 1.9) | 0.07 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.73 | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 0.74 |
| Region of residence | ||||||||
| Atlantic | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Quebec | 1.0 (0.4, 2.7) | 0.95 | 2.0 (0.5, 7.9) | 0.29 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.2) | 0.33 | 4.2 (1.2, 14.3) | 0.02 |
| Ontario | 1.1 (0.4, 2.8) | 0.84 | 1.2 (0.3, 4.8) | 0.78 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) | 0.65 | 1.2 (0.3, 4.5) | 0.76 |
| The Prairies | 1.2 (0.5, 2.9) | 0.73 | 1.3 (0.3, 6.3) | 0.71 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) | 0.41 | 1.5 (0.2, 8.6) | 0.66 |
| British Columbia | 0.9 (0.3, 2.4) | 0.81 | 1.4 (0.2, 9.0) | 0.71 | 1.4 (0.7, 2.6) | 0.30 | 1.3 (0.2, 6.8) | 0.74 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Non-white | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.16 | 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) | <0.01 | 1.6 (1.0, 2.5) | 0.05 | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.03 |
| Body weight status | ||||||||
| Under/Normal weight | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Overweight | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.48 | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 0.14 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.55 | 1.0 (0.5, 1.8) | 0.99 |
| Obese | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 0.67 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) | 0.08 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.40 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.69 |
| Season | ||||||||
| Winter | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Spring | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 0.94 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.59 | 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) | 0.23 | 1.4 (0.5, 4.2) | 0.49 |
| Summer | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | 0.83 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.70 | 1.5 (0.8, 2.6) | 0.18 | 1.2 (0.4, 3.2) | 0.75 |
| Fall | 1.3 (0.7, 2.7) | 0.38 | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) | 1.00 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 0.41 | 2.0 (0.6, 6.3) | 0.22 |
Abbreviations: OR, Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence interval. ‡ Results of aged 6–18 years old children participated in CHMS cycles 1 and 3 were weighted to represent national estimates and adjusted for all covariates in the table. † Adjusted for all covariates in the table.