Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics | Tertiles of Vitamin C Intake | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | p | ||
N | 4474 | 4474 | 4473 | ||
Vitamin C intake (mg/day) | 148 (44.2) | 257 (33.0) | 445 (114) | <0.001 | |
Fiber intake (g/day) | 23.0 (10.0) | 27.8 (9.8) | 38.3 (14.1) | <0.001 | |
Vittamin C range (mg/day) | 0–205 | 206–319 | 320–1110 | ||
Vittamin C from supplements (mg/day) | 0.56 (4.2) | 2.0 (10.0) | 9.6 (33.4) | <0.001 | |
Sex (female) | 41.6 | 55.8 | 67.9 | <0.001 | |
Age (years) | 41.2 (10.3) | 42.8 (10.7) | 43.7 (10.8) | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 (3.6) | 24.1 (3.5) | 23.8 (3.5) | <0.001 | |
Mediterranean Dietary Score § | <0.001 | ||||
Low (0–2 points) | 39.0 | 29.6 | 21.4 | ||
Medium (3–4 points) | 47.3 | 50.9 | 51.1 | ||
High (5–7 points) | 13.7 | 19.5 | 27.5 | ||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2548 (804) | 2346 (710) | 2530 (755) | 0.26 | |
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 23.4 (20.6) | 25.8 (21.6) | 29.2 (25.3) | <0.001 | |
Television time (h/week) | 1.63 (1.1) | 1.57 (1.1) | 1.51 (1.1) | <0.001 | |
Family history of myocardial infarction | 15.8 | 18.3 | 17.1 | 0.09 | |
Smoking | 0.03 | ||||
Never | 43 | 44 | 44 | ||
Current | 29 | 23 | 22 | ||
Former | 28 | 33 | 34 | ||
Prevalent diseases | |||||
Cancer | 3.7 | 4.6 | 5.6 | <0.001 | |
Coronary heart disease | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0.39 | |
Tachycardia | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 0.12 | |
Atrial fibrillation | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.80 | |
Aortic aneurism | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |
Heart failure | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.38 | 0.75 | |
Pulmonary embolism | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.75 | |
Venous thrombosis | 0.51 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.03 | |
Claudication | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.56 | 0.07 | |
Diabetes | 1.4 | 2.2 | 3.0 | <0.001 | |
Hypertension | 9.7 | 11.3 | 10.9 | 0.07 | |
Hypercholesterolemia | 20.0 | 21.9 | 20.7 | 0.42 | |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 8.5 | 8.9 | 7.3 | 0.04 | |
Drugs | |||||
Digoxin | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.77 | |
Diuretics | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 0.01 | |
Beta blockers | 1.7 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 0.40 | |
Calcium antagonists | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.63 | 0.13 | |
Nitrite | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.57 | |
Antihypertensives | 2.8 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 0.03 | |
Aspirin | 3.4 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 0.001 | |
Other CV treatment drug | 5.2 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 0.01 |
§ Mediterranean Diet Score without the fruit- and vegetable-related items. N = 13,421.