Table 4.
Hazard Ratio (HR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for the association of total vitamin C intake, adjusted for fiber intake using the residuals method with both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular mortality (CVM) for participants over 40 years old in the SUN cohort (follow-up 1999–2016).
| Main Analyses § | Tertiles of Vitamin C Intake | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (N = 4474) | Q2 (N = 4474) | Q3 (N = 4473) | |
| Incident CVD (person-time-1 at risk) | 58 (49,706) | 44 (49,080) | 32 (48,186) |
| Multivariable adjusted § ‡ | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.86 (0.57–1.29) | 0.74 (0.47–1.15) |
| Additionally adjusted for MDS | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.86 (0.57–1.29) | 0.74 (0.47–1.15) |
| Cardiovascular deaths (person-years at risk) | 27 (49,879) | 14 (49,247) | 7 (48,368) |
| Multivariable adjusted § ‡ | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.52 (0.26–1.02) | 0.30 (0.13–0.73) |
| Additionally adjusted for MDS | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.52 (0.26–1.04) | 0.30 (0.12–0.72) |
MDS: Mediterranean Dietary Score without fruit and vegetable intake related items (low, medium, or high); § Age as underlying time variable in all the models; ‡ Adjusted for sex, body mass index (continuous), total energy intake (continuous), total fiber intake (continuous), physical activity (continuous), television watching (continuous), smoking (never, current or former), number of cardiovascular-related diseases at baseline, prevalent cancer, prevalent hypertension, prevalent diabetes, prevalent hypercholesterolemia, prevalent hypertriglyceridemia, family history of stroke, and treatment with aspirin. N = 13,421; Ref: reference category.