Table 2.
Laboratory measures of participants classified as having normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n = 35), prediabetes (n = 25), and T2DM (n = 29).
| Laboratory Measures | NGT | Prediabetes | T2DM | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting Glucose * (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 0.4 a | 6.2 ± 0.4 b | 7.2 ± 1.3 c | 6.0 ± 1.2 |
| HbA1c * (mmol/mol) | 35 ± 4 a | 40 ± 5 b | 47 ± 9 c | 41 ± 8 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) Mean (95% CI) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.6 (1.0–2.3) | 2.1 (1.4–2.8) | 1.6 (1.31.9) |
| Total Cholesterol * (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.9 a | 5.9 ± 1.2 a | 4.3 ± 1.1 b | 5.0 ± 1.1 |
| Cholesterol HDL * (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.4 a | 1.3 ± 0.3 b | 1.1 ± 0.2 b | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
| Cholesterol LDL * (Calc) (mmol/L) | 3.4 ± 0.8 a | 3.3 ± 1.0 a | 2.5 ± 1.0 b | 3.1 ± 1.0 |
| Triglycerides * (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.4 a | 1.3 ± 0.7 ab | 1.4 ± 0.6 b | 1.3 ± 0.6 |
| Cholesterol (total/HDL) (ratio) | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 4.0 ± 0.9 |
| Fasting Insulin * (pmol/L) | 53 ± 37 a | 89 ± 53 b | 95 ± 48 b | 77 ± 49 |
| Ghrelin * (pmol/L) Mean (95% CI) | 171 (142–207) a | 111 (88–140) b | 112 (91–139) b | 132 (117–150) |
| Leptin (ng/mL) Mean (95% CI) | 27 (20–38) | 33 (20–54) | 33 (23–47) | 31 (25–38) |
| Adiponectin * (µg/mL) Mean (95% CI) | 11 (9–13) a | 9 (7–11) a | 7 (6–8) b | 9 (8–10) |
| Plasma vitamin C * (µmol/L) | 57 ± 14 a | 48 ± 16 b | 41 ± 18 b | 49 ± 17 |
Values represented as mean ± SD unless stated otherwise. *All p values from ANOVA tests. Groups sharing a common subscript letter denotes the study groups that do not differ significantly from each other at the 0.05 level based on characteristics from Post Hoc analysis. Log conversion was carried out for Ghrelin, Leptin, Adiponectin, and hs-CRP. Note: There was missing data from three participants for plasma vitamin C (2 × NGT and 1 × prediabetes).