Table 3.
Comparisons of mean intakes of food adjusted for sex, age, and total energy intake and mPNNS-GS among vegetarians, vegans, and meat-eaters (Nutrinet-Santé Study 2009–2015, n = 93,823).
| Food Groups | Vegetarians (n = 2370) | Vegans (n = 789) | Meat-Eaters (n = 90,664) | Vegans vs. Vegetarians | Vegans vs. Meat-Eaters | Vegetarians vs. Meat-Eaters | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean 1 | SEM | Mean 1 | SEM | Mean 1 | SEM | p 2 | p 2 | p 2 | |
| Fruit (g) | 290.6 | 3.5 | 364.2 | 6.1 | 245.1 | 0.7 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Vegetables (g) | 285.8 | 2.5 | 366.0 | 4.4 | 216.4 | 0.5 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Legumes (g) | 32.8 | 0.5 | 73.2 | 0.9 | 11.5 | 0.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Potatoes and other tubers (g) | 45.6 | 1.0 | 58.3 | 1.8 | 49.0 | 0.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Whole starchy food (g) | 65.4 | 1.0 | 83.4 | 1.7 | 33.9 | 0.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Refined cereals and starchy foods (g) | 127.1 | 1.7 | 122.9 | 2.9 | 150.3 | 0.3 | 0.25 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Uncooked cereals and seeds (g) | 7.6 | 0.3 | 13.0 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.08 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Quinoa, corn, and other cereals (g) | 16.2 | 0.4 | 27.3 | 0.7 | 6.6 | 0.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Nuts (g) | 11.6 | 0.3 | 19.6 | 0.4 | 4.4 | 0.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Oils (g) | 11.1 | 0.2 | 14.5 | 0.3 | 8.9 | 0.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Textured soy proteins products (g) | 19.7 | 0.4 | 61.0 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Vegetarian patties (g) | 6.9 | 0.3 | 12.3 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Germinated seeds (g) | 7.5 | 0.3 | 20.0 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 0.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Cookies and diet biscuits enriched with cereals 3 (g) | 4.9 | 0.3 | 6.4 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.08 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Soy, almond, rice and other plant-based drinks (mL) | 160.2 | 3.1 | 419.3 | 5.3 | 28.5 | 0.6 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Meat (g) | 10.0 | 0.9 | 10.8 | 1.5 | 47.1 | 0.2 | 0.05 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Offal (g) | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 0.62 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Poultry (g) | 6.8 | 0.7 | 6.1 | 1.2 | 26.8 | 0.1 | 0.59 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Processed meat (g) | 8.8 | 0.7 | 5.8 | 1.1 | 34.9 | 0.1 | 0.02 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Fish and other seafood (g) | 30.6 | 0.9 | 12.8 | 1.5 | 39.8 | 0.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Eggs (g) | 17.3 | 0.4 | 5.4 | 0.8 | 13.7 | 0.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Dairy products (g) | 159.2 | 3.2 | 45.0 | 5.5 | 202.9 | 0.6 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Animal added fats (g) | 12.5 | 0.3 | 9.5 | 0.5 | 13.7 | 0.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Salty snacks and biscuits (g) | 3.9 | 0.2 | 8.1 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.69 |
| Sweet and fatty foods 4 (g) | 133.3 | 1.7 | 93.8 | 2.9 | 135.4 | 0.3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.05 |
| Drinks, sugary (mL) | 40.8 | 2.2 | 37.1 | 3.8 | 51.1 | 0.4 | 0.29 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Drinks, sugar-free (mL) | 1169.1 | 11.7 | 1163.6 | 20.1 | 1069.2 | 2.3 | 0.29 | 0.48 | 0.23 |
| Alcoholic beverages (mL) | 107.0 | 3.1 | 88.8 | 5.3 | 122.0 | 0.6 | 0.01 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Protein-enriched products (chocolate bars, puddings, etc.) (g) | 2.9 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0.48 | 0.01 |
| m-PNNS-GS | 7.98 | 1.63 | 7.60 | 1.44 | 7.82 | 1.65 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
1 Adjusted mean for age, sex, and total energy intake except for m-PNNS-GS; 2 p for ANCOVA tests adjusted for age, sex, and total energy intake; 3 cookies and diet or digestive biscuits enriched with cereals, rice crackers; 4 pastries, biscuits, cookies, chocolate, sweets, honey, jam and sugary spreads; SEM: standard error of the mean, mPNNS-GS: modified Programme National Nutrition Santé Guideline Score.