Table 1.

Use of LVs for corrections of immune deficiency and immune therapies: cell targets, purpose, characteristic of the target cells, and examples of therapies in development

Cell target	Purpose	Characteristic of target cell	Therapies in development	References
HSCs	Genetic correction	Quiescent	WASP	[2–5]
		Multipotent	X-LINKED SCID	[6, 7]
		Long persistence (years to life-long)	Artemis SCID	[8]
		Genotoxicity risks
T cells	Targeting of immune responses to antigens	Naïve or memory T cell	TCRs
		Highly replicative	Melanoma (CG)	[9, 10]
		Terminally differentiated	CAR T
		Central memory T cells have long-term persistence (months to years)	Leukemia (CD19, CD123, FcμR, CD5)	[11–14]
		Risks of cytokine release syndrome, off-target effects	Adenocarcinoma (Tn-MUC1)	[15]
			Viral infections (gB)	[16]
Dendritic cells	Enhancement of antigenic processing and activation of adaptive responses	DC precursors (monocytes)	Cancer
		Immature DCs	Melanoma	[17–19]
		Quiescent	Leukemia	[20]
		Short half-life (days to weeks)	Prostate cancer	[21]
		Co-expression of cytokines and maturation factors possible	Colon cancer	[22]
		Migration to lymph nodes	Chronic infections
		Systemic administration (i.v) possible	HIV	[23]
			HCV	[24]
			HCMV	[25]
			HPV	[26]