Table 1.
Statistically significantly increased, decreased, and unchanged microbial [operational taxonomic unit (OTU)] abundance from 3 months to 1 year per infant perinatal exposure group.
| Number of OTU changes in abundance from 3 months to 1 year by infant exposure group, % (n) | Any change to OTU | Increased abundance | Decreased abundance | Unchanged abundance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaginal, breastfed, and no antibiotic use (infants = 71 data pairs, total N = 1,124 OTU) | 63.3% (712) | 47.7% (536) | 15.7% (176) | 36.7% (412) |
| Vaginal, breastfed, and antibiotic use (infants = 34 data pairs, total N = 1,111 OTU) | 68.1% (757) | 50.04% (556) | 18.1% (201) | 31.9% (354) |
| Vaginal, not breastfed, and no antibiotic use (infants = 17 data pairs, total N = 1,094 OTU) | 32.2% (352) | 12.1% (132) | 20.1% (220) | 67.8% (742) |
| Vaginal, not breastfed, and antibiotic use (infants = 8 data pairs, total N = 995 OTU) | 57.4% (571) | 47% (468) | 10.4% (103) | 42.6% (424) |
| Elective CS, breastfed, and antibiotic use (infants = 13 data pairs, total N = 1,069 OTU) | 57.8% (618) | 50% (535) | 7.80% (83) | 42.2% (451) |
| Elective CS, not breastfed, and antibiotic use (infants = 3 data pairs, total N = 918 OTU) | 0.65% (6) | 0.11% (1) | 0.54% (5) | 99.35% (912) |
| Emergency CS, breastfed, and antibiotic use (infants = 16 data pairs, total N = 1,067 OTU) | 56.4% (602) | 49.7% (530) | 6.7% (72) | 43.6% (465) |
| Emergency CS, no breastfed, and antibiotic use | X | X | X | X |
Significance analysis of microarrays could not be executed for infants born by emergency cesarean and not breastfed due to the small number of infants in that group.