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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2017 Jul 13;153(4):948–960.e3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.051

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Influence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and mast cells (MCs) on bacterial passage through colonic biopsies from 32 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and 15 healthy controls (HC) mounted in Ussing chambers. Figure indicates passage at 120 min of E. coli HS (A) and Salmonella typhimurium (B) before (vehicle) and after addition of VIP-receptor blocker (anti-VPACs) or MC-stabilizer (ketotifen) to the chambers. Comparisons were done with Mann-Whitney U test, **p<0.005, ***p<0.0005 vs. vehicle.