Table 1.
Maternal, household and child characteristics corresponding to children retained at 36 months (n=1017) and of those lost to follow-up (n=154)
| Daily IFA* (n=336) |
Twice-weekly IFA* (n=353) |
Twice-weekly MMN* (n=328) |
Lost to follow-up* (n=154) |
|
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Height (cm) | 154.3 [4.8] | 153.9 [4.7] | 153.2 [4.8] | 152.9 [4.8] |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 19.9 [1.95] | 19.8 [1.9] | 19.9 [2.0] | 19.8 [2.2] |
| Low (<18.5 kg/m2) | 77 (24.2) | 87 (25.9) | 83 (26.9) | 28 (31.1) |
| Normal (18.5–25 kg/m2) | 239 (75.2) | 247 (73.5) | 217 (70.2) | 60 (66.7) |
| High (>25 kg/m2) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | 9 (2.9) | 2 (2.2) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| <20 | 38 (11.9) | 20 (5.9) | 22 (7.1) | 7 (7.8) |
| 20–29 | 235 (73.7) | 245 (72.9) | 229 (74.1) | 67 (74.4) |
| ≥30 | 46 (14.4) | 71 (21.1) | 58 (18.8) | 16 (17.8) |
| Education† | ||||
| Primary school | 53 (15.5) | 42 (11.9) | 60 (18.1) | 27 (17.4) |
| Secondary school | 169 (49.3) | 197 (55.8) | 166 (50.0) | 62 (40.0) |
| High school | 88 (25.7) | 75 (21.3) | 85 (25.6) | 43 (27.7) |
| University/college | 33 (9.6) | 39 (11.1) | 21 (6.3) | 23 (14.8) |
| Occupation† | ||||
| Farmer | 140 (40.8) | 151 (42.8) | 143 (43.1) | 43 (27.7) |
| Factory worker | 57 (16.6) | 52 (14.7) | 41 (12.4) | 25 (16.1) |
| Trader | 58 (16.9) | 68 (19.3) | 63 (18.9) | 36 (23.2) |
| Government official | 31 (9.0) | 44 (12.5) | 25 (7.5) | 26 (16.7) |
| Clerk | 17 (5.0) | 10 (2.8) | 13 (3.9) | 5 (3.2) |
| Not in income-generating work | 38 (11.1) | 22 (6.2) | 41 (12.4) | 17 (10.9) |
| Other | 2 (0.6) | 6 (1.7) | 6 (1.8) | 3 (1.9) |
| Gravidity | ||||
| 0 | 127 (37.0) | 92 (26.1) | 106 (32.0) | 46 (29.9) |
| 1–2 | 178 (51.9) | 208 (58.9) | 182 (55.0) | 85 (55.2) |
| ≥3 | 38 (11.1) | 53 (15.0) | 43 (13.0) | 23 (14.9) |
| Nutritional status | ||||
| –At enrolment | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.3 [1.4] | 12.1 [1.1] | 12.3 [1.2] | 12.5 [1.2] |
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 74.5 {47 to 125} | 83 {54 to 129} | 79 {49 to 124} | 89 {49 to 134} |
| B12 (pmol/L) | 398 {319 to 504} | 395.5 {319 to 502} | 411 {323 to 518} | 414 {329 to 514} |
| Folate (nmol/L) | 27.6 {21.0 to 35.4} | 28.5 {21.4 to 34.5} | 27.7 {21.3 to 33.1} | 27.9 {20.9 to 33.5} |
| –At 32 weeks gestation | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.5 [1.4] | 12.4 [1.1] | 12.3 [1.2] | 12.2 [1.2] |
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 35 {24.5 to 55} | 27 {18 to 37} | 22 {14 to 35} | 25.5 {15 to 38.5} |
| B12 (pmol/L) | 234 {186.5 to 282.5} | 231.5 {188 to 285} | 233 {190 to 290} | 219.5 {175 to 263.5} |
| Folate (nmol/L) | 29.9 {24.0 to 34.5} | 29.3 {24.5 to 33.9} | 25.5 {17.9 to 32.0} | 25.6 {18.5 to 32.2} |
| Household characteristics | ||||
| Type of toilet | ||||
| None | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | 12 (3.7) | 2 (3.6) |
| Pit latrine | 48 (14.5) | 57 (16.2) | 46 (14.2) | 4 (7.1) |
| Compartment latrine | 63 (19.0) | 54 (15.4) | 50 (15.4) | 6 (10.7) |
| Flush toilet | 216 (65.9) | 238 (67.8) | 216 (66.7) | 44 (78.6) |
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 165 (51.7) | 184 (54.8) | 159 (51.5) | 42 (49.4) |
| Female | 154 (48.3) | 152 (45.2) | 150 (48.5) | 43 (50.6) |
| Birth weight (g)† | 3156 [424] | 3186 [355] | 3137 [424] | 3065 [495] |
| Preterm delivery† | 35 (10.6) | 39 (11.4) | 41 (13.3) | 26 (17.9) |
*Data are number (%), mean [SD] or median {25th to 75th centile}.
IFA, iron-folic acid; MMN, multiple micronutrients.