Table 6.

Associations of subject characteristics with depression (PHQ-9 score ≥moderate depression) among 2401 SICCA* participants with symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth

	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Unadjusted p	Multivariable adjusted OR† (95% CI)	Multivariable adjusted p†
Age	0.99 (0.98 to 0.99)	<0.001	0.98 (0.97 to 0.98)	<0.001
Gender, female	0.79 (0.58 to 1.08)	0.14	0.85 (0.61 to 1.20)	0.37
Country of residence
Argentina	1.49 (1.15 to 1.93)	0.003	1.64 (1.25 to 2.15)	<0.001
China	0.13 (0.08 to 0.23)	<0.001	0.24 (0.14 to 0.43)	<0.001
Denmark	0.68 (0.53 to 0.86)	0.002	0.72 (0.55 to 0.95)	0.02
India‡	NA		NA
Japan	1.07 (0.79 to 1.46)	0.64	1.47 (1.05 to 2.04)	0.02
UK	0.70 (0.52 to 0.95)	0.02	1.00 (0.72 to 1.39)	0.99
US	Reference		Reference
Education, college	1.06 (0.89 to 1.26)	0.52
Employed	0.79 (0.67 to 0.94)	0.007	0.63 (0.52 to 0.76)	<0.001
Meeting SS criteria	0.54 (0.45 to 0.64)	<0.001	0.67 (0.55 to 0.81)	<0.001
Anticholinergic medication	2.70 (2.26 to 3.22)	<0.001	2.05 (1.68 to 2.50)	<0.001
Medications§
None	Reference
NSAIDS	2.03 (1.59 to 2.59)	<0.001	1.58 (1.21 to 2.05)	0.001
Cholinomimetics	1.76 (1.23 to 2.53)	0.002	1.62 (1.09 to 2.41)	0.02
Antimalarials	1.78 (1.34 to 2.35)	<0.001	1.35 (0.99 to 1.83)	0.06
Other immunosuppressants¶	1.16 (0.89 to 1.49)	0.27	1.08 (0.81 to 1.44)	0.59

*Participants from the Sjögren’s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance registry.

†All factors with a p value ≤0.10 on univariate analysis entered into multivariate model; p value ≤0.05 to remain in final model.

‡9-Item Personal Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was not administered to individuals recruited from India.

§Systemic medications used for the management of SS-related symptoms and currently received at study entry.

¶Include corticosteroids, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, anti-CD-20 and other immune-modifying biological agents.

NA, not applicable; NSAIDS, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SS, Sjögren’s syndrome.