Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable associations between general and pregnancy-related anxiety in the first half of pregnancy and (interventions in) the birth process, according to ethnicity
| Outcome | General anxiety | Pregnancy-related anxiety | ||||||
| Low, n=3430 % |
High, n=1426 % |
Crude model, OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted model,* OR (95% CI) |
Low, n=4404 % |
High, n=469 % |
Crude model, OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted model,* OR (95% CI) |
|
| Primary caesarean | ||||||||
| Dutch | 5.6 | 7.0 | 1.28 (0.93 to 1.77) | 1.26 (0.90 to 1.75) | 5.9 | 6.1 | 1.05 (0.59 to 1.88) | 1.01 (0.56 to 1.81) |
| Turkish | 3.4 | 3.6 | 1.05 (0.29 to 3.80) | 0.97 (0.24 to 3.84) | 3.4 | 3.3 | 1.18 (0.29 to 4.84) | 1.63 (0.35 to 7.52) |
| Moroccan | 5.2 | 2.1 | 0.39 (0.14 to 1.13) | 0.31 (0.10 to 0.94) | 3.3 | 3.8 | 1.16 (0.37 to 3.67) | 1.29 (0.40 to 4.20) |
| Black | 6.5 | 4.4 | 0.64 (0.29 to 1.43) | 0.77 (0.33 to 1.78) | 6.1 | 1.8 | 0.31 (0.04 to 2.30) | 0.41 (0.05 to 3.12) |
| Induction† | ||||||||
| Dutch | 10.1 | 13.3 | 1.37 (1.06 to 1.76) | 1.29 (0.99 to 1.67) | 10.7 | 12.5 | 1.20 (0.78 to 1.85) | 1.05 (0.68 to 1.64) |
| Turkish | 10.7 | 13.5 | 1.26 (0.59 to 2.67) | 1.21 (0.55 to 2.63) | 12.8 | 13.8 | 1.03 (0.47 to 2.28) | 1.09 (0.48 to 2.47) |
| Moroccan | 9.5 | 10.3 | 1.08 (0.58 to 2.01) | 1.08 (0.57 to 2.03) | 9.9 | 9.8 | 0.91 (0.42 to 1.97) | 0.92 (0.42 to 2.03) |
| Black | 8.2 | 12.2 | 1.67 (0.92 to 3.04) | 1.81 (0.96 to 3.43) | 9.4 | 14.5 | 1.49 (0.63 to 3.53) | 1.44 (0.58 to 3.54) |
| Referral during labour‡ | ||||||||
| Dutch | 36.3 | 38.5 | 1.10 (0.88 to 1.37) | 1.19 (0.93 to 1.52) | 36.2 | 45.5 | 1.44 (0.99 to 2.09) | 1.25 (0.84 to 1.86) |
| Turkish | 44.9 | 34.0 | 0.65 (0.34 to 1.22) | 0.60 (0.30 to 1.22) | 33.3 | 47.4 | 2.02 (1.04 to 3.94) | 1.79 (0.87 to 3.69) |
| Moroccan | 41.5 | 47.4 | 1.25 (0.79 to 2.00) | 1.54 (0.92 to 2.57) | 43.2 | 51.6 | 1.41 (0.80 to 2.49) | 1.39 (0.75 to 2.56) |
| Black | 39.1 | 39.8 | 1.06 (0.64 to 1.73) | 1.10 (0.64 to 1.87) | 39.8 | 34.3 | 0.82 (0.39 to 1.73) | 0.84 (0.38 to 1.87) |
| Augmentation† | ||||||||
| Dutch | 24.2 | 22.4 | 0.91 (0.74 to 1.10) | 0.93 (0.76 to 1.15) | 23.5 | 28.6 | 1.32 (0.96 to 1.81) | 1.11 (0.80 to 1.55) |
| Turkish | 21.4 | 22.2 | 1.07 (0.60 to 1.92) | 1.04 (0.56 to 1.92) | 20.5 | 25.3 | 1.27 (0.69 to 2.36) | 1.16 (0.60 to 2.22) |
| Moroccan | 24.1 | 23.3 | 0.96 (0.62 to 1.49) | 1.16 (0.73 to 1.84) | 24.3 | 22.5 | 0.96 (0.57 to 1.64) | 0.91 (0.52 to 1.59) |
| Black | 22.6 | 21.0 | 0.94 (0.61 to 1.45) | 1.03 (0.65 to 1.64) | 21.9 | 20.8 | 0.95 (0.47 to 1.93) | 0.87 (0.42 to 1.83) |
| Pain relief/ sedation† | ||||||||
| Dutch | 13.8 | 17.7 | 1.35 (1.08 to 1.68) | 1.30 (1.02 to 1.65) | 14.0 | 25.1 | 2.08 (1.49 to 2.91) | 1.70 (1.20 to 2.41) |
| Turkish | 15.2 | 14.8 | 0.99 (0.50 to 1.95) | 1.05 (0.49 to 2.25) | 13.8 | 19.5 | 1.63 (0.82 to 3.25) | 1.74 (0.79 to 3.82) |
| Moroccan | 12.7 | 16.4 | 1.32 (0.78 to 2.24) | 1.59 (0.90 to 2.79) | 12.7 | 18.6 | 1.62 (0.89 to 2.93) | 1.52 (0.81 to 2.86) |
| Black | 15.1 | 13.7 | 0.90 (0.54 to 1.50) | 1.05 (0.60 to 1.85) | 13.7 | 22.6 | 1.89 (0.94 to 3.83) | 1.89 (0.87 to 4.12) |
| Secondary caesarean† | ||||||||
| Dutch | 8.6 | 10.1 | 1.20 (0.91 to 1.59) | 1.19 (0.89 to 1.59) | 8.7 | 12.1 | 1.38 (0.88 to 2.16) | 1.20 (0.75 to 1.90) |
| Turkish | 6.3 | 9.3 | 1.44 (0.56 to 3.70) | 1.39 (0.52 to 3.68) | 7.2 | 8.0 | 1.29 (0.50 to 3.37) | 1.31 (0.48 to 3.57) |
| Moroccan | 10.0 | 7.8 | 0.75 (0.39 to 1.43) | 0.89 (0.45 to 1.78) | 9.0 | 8.8 | 0.88 (0.39 to 1.99) | 0.90 (0.39 to 2.11) |
| Black | 15.1 | 10.3 | 0.66 (0.38 to 1.16) | 0.78 (0.43 to 1.41) | 12.1 | 15.1 | 1.36 (0.60 to 3.05) | 1.47 (0.63 to 3.47) |
| First stage >12 hours§ | ||||||||
| Dutch | 17.9 | 19.1 | 1.09 (0.82 to 1.44) | 1.16 (0.85 to 1.57) | 18.1 | 19.1 | 1.08 (0.66 to 1.76) | 0.92 (0.55 to 1.53) |
| Turkish | 14.5 | 19.1 | 1.44 (0.62 to 3.34) | 1.01 (0.38 to 2.68) | 17.5 | 16.7 | 1.03 (0.43 to 2.46) | 0.57 (0.20 to 1.58) |
| Moroccan | 21.8 | 19.0 | 0.89 (0.50 to 1.59) | 1.06 (0.56 to 2.03) | 20.1 | 21.0 | 1.09 (0.54 to 2.19) | 0.96 (0.45 to 2.06) |
| Black | 20.2 | 22.0 | 1.16 (0.59 to 2.27) | 1.27 (0.60 to 2.69) | 21.3 | 17.2 | 0.80 (0.29 to 2.25) | 0.80 (0.26 to 2.45) |
| Second stage ≥90 min¶ | ||||||||
| Dutch | 12.6 | 8.9 | 0.68 (0.50 to 0.92) | 0.79 (0.57 to 1.08) | 11.7 | 13.0 | 1.12 (0.71 to 1.78) | 1.02 (0.63 to 1.66) |
| Turkish | 4.9 | 5.6 | 1.16 (0.37 to 3.65) | 1.06 (0.32 to 3.51) | 3.4 | 10.3 | 2.30 (0.97 to 9.20) | 3.01 (0.91 to 9.93) |
| Moroccan | 7.7 | 4.8 | 0.59 (0.26 to 1.34) | 0.79 (0.33 to 1.91) | 6.3 | 6.5 | 1.07 (0.41 to 2.75) | 1.04 (0.39 to 2.80) |
| Black | 2.9 | 3.6 | 1.26 (0.42 to 3.83) | 1.34 (0.42 to 4.26) | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0.74 (0.09 to 5.82) | 0.64 (0.08 to 5.28) |
| Instrumental delivery¶ | ||||||||
| Dutch | 13.6 | 12.0 | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.13) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.27) | 13.3 | 12.6 | 0.93 (0.59 to 1.48) | 0.80 (0.49 to 1.28) |
| Turkish | 6.7 | 5.4 | 0.82 (0.29 to 2.32) | 0.83 (0.28 to 2.50) | 3.9 | 11.3 | 2.95 (1.03 to 8.48) | 3.70 (1.16 to 11.8) |
| Moroccan | 5.1 | 9.3 | 1.91 (0.87 to 4.18) | 2.51 (1.09 to 5.75) | 6.5 | 8.6 | 1.34 (0.57 to 3.13) | 1.33 (0.55 to 3.20) |
| Black | 5.1 | 4.3 | 0.84 (0.34 to 2.07) | 1.11 (0.42 to 2.93) | 4.7 | 4.4 | 0.94 (0.21 to 4.20) | 0.87 (0.18 to 4.09) |
*Adjusted for body mass index, maternal age, years of education, ethnicity, smoking and alcohol.
†Excluded women with primary caesarean section.
‡Only women under primary care at start of labour.
§Excluded women with caesarean section; data available for 3530 women (only recorded in perinatal registry of midwives).
¶Excluded women with caesarean section (primary/ secondary).