Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study subjects according to the MetS status at baseline
| Characteristics | Male (n=198) | Female (n=181) | ||||
| Non-MetS | MetS | p | Non-MetS | MetS | p | |
| N (%) | 111 (56.1) | 87 (43.9) | 142 (78.5) | 39 (21.5) | ||
| Age (yr) | 49.0 (44.0–55.0) | 50.0 (46.0–56.0) | 0.397 | 47.5 (43.0–54.0) | 47.0 (46.0–56.0) | 0.515 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 123.3 (117.3–131.3) | 136.7 (125.3–146.7) | <0.001 | 116.7 (108.7–123.7) | 134.0 (120.0–148.0) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 80.0 (85.3–73.3) | 87.3 (83.3–94.0) | <0.001 | 76.3 (69.3–80.2) | 88.7 (92.7–80.0) | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.3 (5.0–5.7) | 6.1 (5.4–7.2) | <0.001 | 5.3 (5.0–5.5) | 5.8 (5.2–7.8) | <0.001 |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 6.3 (5.2–7.5) | 9.3 (6.8–12.3) | <0.001 | 6.8 (5.9–7.9) | 9.6 (7.8–12.6) | <0.001 |
| FINS (mIU/L) | 12.49 (9.24–17.75) | 16.77 (12.87–24.63) | <0.001 | 15.54 (12.50–19.69) | 25.05 (18.65–30.54) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 (5.4–6.0) | 6.0 (5.6–6.7) | <0.001 | 5.9 (5.5–6.2) | 6.2 (5.7–7.2) | 0.005 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.8 (4.3–5.3) | 5.3 (4.7–5.9) | 0.001 | 5.1 (4.5–5.5) | 5.2 (4.4–5.9) | 0.494 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.9–1.6) | 2.4 (2.0–3.6) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 2.4 (1.7–3.8) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | <0.001 | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 1.1 (1.0–1.4) | <0.001 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.0 (2.6–3.5) | 3.1 (2.7–3.8) | 0.148 | 3.1 (2.6–3.6) | 3.2 (2.6–3.6) | 0.963 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.98 (2.23–4.46) | 4.74 (3.69–6.72) | <0.001 | 3.79 (2.81–4.86) | 6.83 (4.17–8.30) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 75 (67.57) | 51 (58.62) | 0.194 | 7 (4.93) | 1 (2.56) | 0.844 |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | 39 (35.14) | 41 (47.13) | 0.088 | 3 (2.11) | 1 (2.56) | 1.000 |
| SFA (cm2) | 124.62±49.88 | 151.84±51.80 | 0.001 | 178.86±65.82 | 226.87±69.24 | <0.001 |
| VFA (cm2) | 84.40±45.85 | 116.39±44.40 | <0.001 | 57.76±24.16 | 91.80±32.98 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 87.3±8.1 | 94.7±7.9 | <0.001 | 80.3±8.6 | 89.0±7.9 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6±2.8 | 26.6±2.8 | <0.001 | 23.9±3.0 | 27.1±3.4 | <0.001 |
| WHR | 0.90±0.05 | 0.94±0.05 | <0.001 | 0.85±0.06 | 0.90±0.05 | <0.001 |
| ABSI (m7/6/kg2/3) | 0.0792±0.0033 | 0.0814±0.0034 | <0.001 | 0.0770±0.0041 | 0.0784±0.0036 | 0.040 |
| AVI (cm2) | 15.24 (13.48–17.03) | 17.86 (16.31–20.10) | <0.001 | 13.10 (11.56–14.30) | 15.51 (14.62–17.79) | <0.001 |
| BAI (0.01 m-0.5) | 25.84±3.01 | 27.33±2.68 | <0.001 | 29.30±3.18 | 31.70±3.22 | <0.001 |
| BRI | 3.65±0.95 | 4.49±0.98 | <0.001 | 3.50±0.96 | 4.63±1.03 | <0.001 |
| CI (m2/3/kg1/2) | 1.24±0.06 | 1.29±0.06 | <0.001 | 1.20±0.07 | 1.25±0.06 | <0.001 |
| VAI | 1.30 (0.94–1.84) | 3.24 (2.17–4.63) | <0.001 | 1.43 (0.96–1.96) | 4.30 (2.46–6.35) | <0.001 |
Data were presented in the form of mean ±SD deviation, median (IQR) or counts (percentages), depending on its type. All adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors between groups with and without MetS were compared using an independent t-test, Mann-Whitney rank sum test, Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test according to the characteristics of the data.
2hPG, plasma glucose for 2 hours after a glucose load; ABSI, a body shape index; AVI, abdominal volume index; BAI, body adiposity index; BMI, body mass index; BRI, body roundness index; CI, conicity; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FINS, fasting plasma insulin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SFA, subcutaneous fat area; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VAI, visceral adiposity index.; VFA, visceral fat area; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.