Table 1.
General characteristics and cardiometabolic risk factors at household level and by dyadic relationships
| (n) | Households (90) | Dyads by type (n)* | |||||||||||
| Spouses (91) | Parents–offspring (283) | Grandparents–grandchildren (97) | Siblings (148) | ||||||||||
| Members (n unique) | Wives (91) |
Husbands (89) |
Parents (150) | Offspring (164) | Grandparents (64) | Grandchildren (64) | Sisters (79) |
Brothers (71) |
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| Mothers (88) |
Fathers (62) |
Daughters 81 |
Sons (83) |
Grandmothers (41) |
Grandfathers (23) | Granddaughters (25) |
Grandsons (39) |
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| Individuals in household | 5 (range 3–10) | ||||||||||||
| Age (years)† | 38.7 (33.0; 43.1) |
51.0 (42.7; 57.4) | 56.1 (49.6; 67.4) | 53.7 (47.6; 63.1) | 60.4 (52.6; 68.4) | 21.3 (15.8; 30.7) | 19.7 (16.0; 26.7) | 67.5 (56.6; 72.7) | 68.4 (60.5; 74.7) | 16.8 (13.8; 18.8) |
16.8 (14.6; 19.5) | 21.5 (15.4; 39.6) | 19.0 (16.5; 24.0) |
| Age difference (years)†‡ | 46.0 (38.7; 4.0) |
6.1 (3.0; 11.0) |
32.6 (27.0; 38.2) | 50.2 (41.7;56.0) | 4.8 (3.0; 8.0) | ||||||||
| Diagnosed T2D, n (%) | 45 (50) | 9 (9.9) | 29 (32.6) | 12 (13.6) | 23 (37.1) | 2 (2.5) | 1 (1.2) | 8 (19.5) | 6 (26.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (1.4) |
| Dysglycaemia, n (%) | 22 (24.4) | 12 (13.2) | 5 (5.6) | 11 (12.5) | 4 (6.5) | 5 (6.2) | 1 (1.2) | 6 (14.6) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0) | 8 (10.1) | 1 (1.4) |
| Diagnosed hypertension, n (%) | 28 (31.1) | 10 (11.0) | 14 (15.7) | 12 (13.6) | 10 (16.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 12 (29.3) | 6 (26.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.5) | 1 (1.4) |
| Undiagnosed hypertension, n (%) | 67 (74.4) | 16 (17.6) | 23 (26.1) | 17 (19.5) | 20 (32.8) | 3 (3.7) | 3 (3.6) | 8 (19.5) | 10 (45.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.9) | 1 (1.4) |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)§ |
5.4 (0.3) 35.4 (3.2) |
5.5 (0.5) 36.9 (5.5) |
5.4 (0.5) 35.8 (5.9) |
5.6 (0.5) 37.3 (5.5) |
5.5 (0.6) 36.4 (6.5) |
5.4 (0.4) 35.0 (4.4) |
5.3 (0.5) 34.6 (5.7) |
5.7 (0.4) 38.3 (4.9) |
5.6 (0.8) 38.0 (8.7) |
5.4 (0.3) 35.9 (3.0) |
5.3 (0.3) 34.4 (3.8) |
5.4 (0.5) 36.0 (5.3) |
5.3 (0.4) 34.4 (4.2) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)†¶ | 128 (123; 137) | 134 (117; 149) | 139 (127; 164) | 137 (118; 155) | 151 (132; 170) | 118 (112; 129) | 124 (117; 131) | 152 (134; 167) | 164 (153;192) | 117 (112;125) |
125 (114; 131) | 120 (113; 131) | 122 (117; 130) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)†** | 78 (74; 82) | 80 (74; 89) | 84 (76; 92) | 84 (79; 91) | 87 (79; 95) | 75 (71; 81) | 72 (69; 80) | 86 (73; 91) | 91 (79;94) | 73 (66;78) | 73 (66; 78) | 75 (70; 81) | 72 (66; 78) |
| Height (cm) | 155.2 (3.8) | 152.4 (5.4) | 161.3 (5.3) | 151.5 (5.1) | 160.6 (5.3) | 153.5 (6.6) | 158.4 (8.4) | 150.4 (5.2) | 159.0 (4.5) | 153.3 (6.7) | 156.3 (10.1) | 152.7 (6.2) | 160.3 (7.7) |
| Short stature, n (%)**†† | 78 (86.7) | 30 (32.8) | 49 (55.7) | 33 (37.5) | 38 (61.3) | 19 (23.5) | 45 (54.2) | 22 (53.7) | 15 (68.2) | 3 (12.0) | 20 (52.3) | 19 (24.1) | 35 (49.3) |
| BMI† †† | 21.7 (20.7; 23.2) | 23.1 (21.0; 25.3) | 21.5 (19.6; 25.0) | 22.4 (19.7; 24.6) | 22.1 (19.6; 25.4) | 22.4 (20.2; 24.4) | 20.4 (19.0; 21.5) | 21.2 (18.3; 24.7) | 21.0 (19.3; 25.0) | 20.8 [18.6;23.7] | 19.9 (18.3; 21.2) | 22.4 (19.8; 24.8) |
19.2 (19.2; 21.6) |
| Underweight, n (%) | 27 (30.0) | 9 (9.9) | 8 (9.1) | 13 (14.8) | 6 (9.7) | 5 (6.2) | 2 (2.4) | 11 (26.8) | 3 (13.6) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (2.6) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (1.4) |
| Overweight, n (%) | 52 (57.8) | 25 (27.5) | 24 (27.3) | 19 (21.6) | 20 (32.3) | 19 (23.5) | 5 (6.0) | 10 (24.4) | 6 (27.3) | 4 (16.0) | 0 | 21 (26.6) | 2 (2.8) |
| Fitness status (VO2-max: mLO2/min/kg)‡‡ | 38.5 (4.7) | 34.3 (6.8) | 33.5 (8.8) | 32.0 (6.7) | 32.7 (7.2) | 37.3 (6.6) | 44.6 (6.8) | 29.1 (6.8) | 29.2 (6.0) | 38.9 (5.9) | 46.0 (4.6) | 37.0 (7.0) | 44.8 (5.9) |
| Unfit, n (%)§§ | 72 (80.0) | 35 (40.2) | 39 (44.3) | 43 (49.4) | 25 (41.0) | 24 (29.6) | 30 (36.1) | 30 (75.0) | 14 (63.6) | 5 (20.0) | 15 (39.5) | 26 (32.9) | 25 (35.2) |
| Sitting per day (min)† | 275.4 (225; 310) | 208 (169; 279) | 274 (189; 351) | 231 (189; 334) | 283 (197; 373) | 261 (204; 326) | 240 (189; 369) | 274 (197; 380) | 257 (189; 343) | 274(180; 334) | 240 (159; 360) | 257 (204; 326) | 238 (180; 354) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||||||||||
| Never smoked | 52 (57.8) | 71 (78.0) | 59 (66.3) | 57 (64.8) | 39 (62.9) | 77 (95.1) | 68 (81.9) | 22 (53.7) | 13 (56.5) | 24 (96.0) | 38 (97.4) | 70 (88.6) | 59 (83.1) |
| Former smoker | 38 (42.2) | 11 (12.1) | 21 (23.6) | 19 (21.6) | 17 (27.4) | 2 (2.5) | 9 (10.8) | 13 (31.7) | 6 (26.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (6.3) | 6 (8.5) |
| Current smoker | 21 (23.3) | 9 (9.9) | 9 (10.1) | 12 (13.6) | 6 (9.7) | 2 (2.5) | 6 (7.2) | 6 (14.6) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (2. 6) | 4 (5.1) | 6 (8.5) |
| Years of education† | 5.3 (2.2) | 2 (0; 6) | 6 (3; 7) | 2 (0; 4) | 5 (1; 7) | 6 (5; 10) | 7(5; 10) | 0 (0; 2) | 5 (1; 6) | 6 (5; 7) | 6 (4; 8) | 6 (3; 9) | 7 (5; 10) |
Data are presented as mean (SD).
*Please note that for the different types of dyads there can be a different number of dyad member 1 and dyad member 2 as for example, one husband had two wives or a mother can have more than one child.
†Median (p25; p75).
‡At household level, age difference is between the oldest and youngest individual in the household.
§Individuals with diagnosed diabetes are excluded.
¶Individuals with diagnosed hypertension are excluded.
**Short stature is defined as age (months) Z-score below −2SD or final height for males below 161.9 cm and for females below 150.1 cm.30
††Missing value on one man.
‡‡Fifty individuals did not complete the step test.
§§Data missing on six individuals because of pregnancy, recent delivery, sickness or technical error.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; T2D, type 2 diabetes.