Table 4.
Among female ELEMENT children, odds of Tanner stage >1 or menarche associated with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in in utero urinary phthalate metabolite or BPA concentration, adjusted for child age, BMI z-score, and urinary specific gravity.
| Visit 1 (n=107) OR/IQRb (95%CI) |
Visit 2 (n=109) OR/IQRb (95%CI) |
Visit 3 (n=117) OR/IQRb (95%CI) |
Prenatal GMa (n=120) OR/IQRb (95%CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Menarche | ||||
| BPA | 0.62 (0.20, 1.86) | 1.23 (0.43, 3.51) | 0.62 (0.26, 1.46) | 0.7 (0.22, 2.19) |
| MEHP | 0.70 (0.23, 2.15) | 0.82 (0.27, 2.51) | 0.93 (0.39, 2.21) | 0.91 (0.24, 3.46) |
| MBzP | 0.78 (0.33, 1.85) | 0.96 (0.29, 3.23) | 0.88 (0.32, 2.46) | 0.92 (0.26, 3.25) |
| MBP | 0.57 (0.21, 1.58) | 0.70 (0.21, 2.27) | 0.92 (0.39, 2.21) | 0.73 (0.22, 2.41) |
| MiBP | 0.56 (0.19, 1.69) | 0.54 (0.17, 1.77) | 0.35 (0.07, 1.66) | 0.39 (0.09, 1.70) |
| MCPP | 0.71 (0.24, 2.09) | 0.63 (0.16, 2.52) | 1.05 (0.40, 2.75) | 1.00 (0.27, 3.68) |
| MEP | 3.92 (1.08, 14.2)* | 1.13 (0.34, 3.70) | 2.44 (0.92, 6.52) | 4.33 (1.25, 15.0)* |
| ΣDEHPc | 1.24 (0.42, 3.66) | 0.76 (0.22, 2.60) | 1.33 (0.61, 2.86) | 1.89 (0.57, 6.22) |
| Breast Development | ||||
| BPA | 0.92 (0.47, 1.82) | 2.15 (1.04, 4.46)* | 1.40 (0.64, 3.06) | 1.95 (0.82, 4.60) |
| MEHP | 0.26 (0.10, 0.68)* | 0.38 (0.15, 0.93)* | 0.89 (0.43, 1.86) | 0.32 (0.11, 0.95)* |
| MBzP | 0.93 (0.50, 1.74) | 1.25 (0.55, 2.85) | 1.93 (0.82, 4.56) | 1.58 (0.63, 3.96) |
| MBP | 1.27 (0.61, 2.68) | 0.60 (0.26, 1.41) | 0.97 (0.48, 1.95) | 1.06 (0.41, 2.71) |
| MiBP | 0.89 (0.37, 2.15) | 1.20 (0.51, 2.80) | 0.65 (0.18, 2.26) | 1.21 (0.38, 3.90) |
| MCPP | 1.18 (0.54, 2.54) | 0.87 (0.34, 2.24) | 1.19 (0.54, 2.61) | 1.37 (0.52, 3.62) |
| MEP | 1.32 (0.59, 2.94) | 1.58 (0.55, 4.59) | 1.05 (0.51, 2.17) | 1.49 (0.57, 3.88) |
| ΣDEHPc | 0.67 (0.31, 1.47) | 0.59 (0.24, 1.42) | 0.81 (0.43, 1.51) | 0.66 (0.26, 1.69) |
| Pubic Hair Development | ||||
| BPA | n/a | 1.88 (0.61, 5.85) | 1.08 (0.38, 3.02) | 1.05 (0.30, 3.68) |
| MEHP | 0.14 (0.01, 3.44) | 1.65 (0.48, 5.68) | 3.76 (1.1, 12.8)* | 5.21 (0.83, 32.6) |
| MBzP | 1.42 (0.35, 5.73) | 2.63 (0.65, 10.6) | 1.62 (0.49, 5.37) | 3.89 (0.95, 15.8) |
| MBP | 2.04 (0.31, 13.6) | 0.96 (0.27, 3.46) | 1.72 (0.67, 4.44) | 2.6 (0.65, 10.46) |
| MiBP | 0.48 (0.05, 4.36) | 0.97 (0.30, 3.07) | 1.68 (0.26, 10.7) | 1.65 (0.30, 9.03) |
| MCPP | 1.38 (0.19, 9.87) | 1.31 (0.30, 5.61) | 1.75 (0.61, 4.98) | 2.32 (0.56, 9.58) |
| MEP | 1.50 (0.24, 9.40) | 1.56 (0.39, 6.21) | 1.91 (0.74, 4.89) | 2.31 (0.67, 7.94) |
| ΣDEHPc | 1.80 (0.31, 10.4) | 0.74 (0.19, 2.84) | 1.94 (0.83, 4.53) | 2.15 (0.62, 7.48) |
*
p<0.05; OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval;
a
Geometric mean of phthalate or BPA measurements for each individual across pregnancy using all available measurements from prenatal visits 1, 2, and 3.
b
Odds ratio associated with an IQR increase in phthalate metabolite or BPA concentration.
c
ΣDEHP=molecular sum of MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP (μmol/L).