Figure 1.

Timeline of training for nonmedical PhD students. Track 1, Graz Medical University; 2, KI; 3, University of Manitoba; 4, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. MD trainees may have a modified timeline to the PhD degree. At Graz and KI, the MD degree gives admission to the PhD program. At Manitoba, MDs start on a master's program but transfer to PhD after 1 year. At Vanderbilt, MDs have 1 year of courses before sitting the qualifying examination.