Table 6.
Subgroup analysis of associations between consumption frequency and all‐sites cancer death in a Japanese cohort
| Never | Sometimes | 1–2 cups/day | 3–4 cups/day | ≥5 cups/day | P for trend | P for interaction | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P‐value | HR | 95% CI | P‐value | HR | 95% CI | P‐value | HR | 95% CI | P‐value | ||||
| Men | |||||||||||||||
| Smoking status | |||||||||||||||
| Never smoker | |||||||||||||||
| Cases (n = 299), n | 65 | 137 | 74 | 16 | 7 | 0.449 | |||||||||
| Model 1 adjusted HRs (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.03 | (0.77–1.39) | 0.824 | 0.97 | (0.69–1.36) | 0.862 | 1.01 | (0.58–1.76) | 0.975 | 0.84 | (0.39–1.84) | 0.666 | 0.712 | |
| Model 2 adjusted HRs (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.21 | (0.86–1.69) | 0.273 | 1.15 | (0.78–1.69) | 0.479 | 1.26 | (0.70–2.28) | 0.436 | 1.01 | (0.44–2.31) | 0.980 | 0.644 | |
| Current smoker | |||||||||||||||
| Cases (n = 4788), n | 743 | 1553 | 1679 | 576 | 237 | ||||||||||
| Model 1 adjusted HRs (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.76 | (0.66‐0.88) | <0.001 | 0.73 | (0.63‐0.84) | <0.001 | 0.75 | (0.63‐0.89) | 0.001 | 0.67 | (0.53‐0.85) | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Model 2 adjusted HRs (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.82 | (0.70‐0.96) | 0.011 | 0.77 | (0.65‐0.90) | 0.001 | 0.80 | (0.67‐0.97) | 0.020 | 0.69 | (0.54‐0.88) | 0.003 | 0.005 | |
| Women | |||||||||||||||
| Smoking status | |||||||||||||||
| Never smoker | |||||||||||||||
| Cases (n = 1089), n | 278 | 437 | 285 | 65 | 24 | 0.055 | |||||||||
| Model 1 adjusted HRs (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.99 | (0.85–1.15) | 0.857 | 0.90 | (0.76–1.08) | 0.254 | 1.16 | (0.88–1.53) | 0.301 | 1.13 | (0.74–1.72) | 0.565 | 0.950 | |
| Model 2 adjusted HRs (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.05 | (0.88–1.24) | 0.591 | 0.93 | (0.77–1.14) | 0.501 | 1.18 | (0.88–1.59) | 0.259 | 1.12 | (0.72–1.72) | 0.618 | 0.789 | |
| Current smoker | |||||||||||||||
| Cases (n = 806), n | 189 | 251 | 276 | 58 | 32 | ||||||||||
| Model 1 adjusted HRs (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.93 | (0.65–1.32) | 0.674 | 0.83 | (0.58–1.18) | 0.293 | 0.69 | (0.41–1.17) | 0.168 | 0.52 | (0.24–1.11) | 0.090 | 0.041 | |
| Model 2 adjusted HRs (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.89 | (0.59–1.32) | 0.555 | 0.68 | (0.45–1.02) | 0.064 | 0.56 | (0.32–0.99) | 0.045 | 0.41 | (0.18–0.91) | 0.028 | 0.003 | |
Model 1, adjusted for age‐group, sex, and region. Model 2, adjusted for age‐group, sex, region, history of hypertension, history of diabetes mellitus, history of stroke, history of heart disease, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol drinking, type of job, rice consumption, bread consumption, meat consumption, fish consumption, egg consumption, milk consumption, green and yellow vegetable consumption, non‐green and non‐yellow vegetable consumption, fruit consumption, miso soup consumption, pickled vegetable, black tea consumption, and green tea consumption. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; Ref., reference.