Table 1.
Summary of studies of EVs derived from placental experimental designs.
| EV types | Sample types | Isolation method | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exosomes | Plasma | Centrifugation | miRNAs are released via exosomes | Luo et al. (79) |
| STMB | Plasma | Centrifugation | Presence of high level of EVs in late onset preeclampsia | Dragovic et al. (142) |
| Exosomes | Plasma | Centrifugation + density gradient | Placental exosomes increase from 6 to 12 weeks | Sarker et al. (135) |
| Exosomes | Plasma | Centrifugation + density gradient | Presence of high levels of placental exosomes in preeclampsia | Pillay et al. (232) |
| Exosomes | Plasma | Centrifugation + density gradient | Exosome profile changes with gestation change | Salomon et al. (137) |
| STBM | Plasma | Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay | STBM increase in preeclampsia | Knight et al. (233) |
| Exosomes | Plasma | Centrifugation + density gradient | Presence of high levels of placental exosomes in GDM | Salomon et al. (144) |
| Exosomes | Plasma | Centrifugation + density gradient | Exosome concentration increases with maternal BMI and induce the release of cytokines from the endothelial cells | Elfeky et al. (145) |
| EVs | Primary trophoblast cells | Centrifugation | Protein and mRNA profile varies between different classes of EVs and possess antiviral activity | Ouyang et al. (136) |
| Exosomes | Primary trophoblast cells and villous explant | Centrifugation + density gradient | Exosomes modulate maternal immune response | Kshirsagar et al. (140) |
| Exosomes | Villous explants Primary trophoblast cells and BeWo cells |
Centrifugation + density gradient | Exosomes modulate trophoblast syncytium formation | Tolosa et al. (141) |
| Exosomes | Primary trophoblast cells | Centrifugation + density gradient | Hyperglycemia induces release of exosomes and alters their bioctivity | Rice et al. (99) |
| Exosomes | Primary trophoblast cells | Centrifugation + density gradient | Under hypoxia exosomes mediate trophoblast migration | Salomon et al. (95) |
| Exosomes | Primary trophoblast cells JEG-3 BeWo |
Centrifugation + density gradient | C19MC is the predominant miRNA species from placenta | Donker et al. (76) |
| Exosomes | BeWo cells | Centrifugation + density gradient | Differential expression of C19MC in GDM | Almohammadi et al. (78) |
| STBM | Villous explant | Ultracentrifugation | Protein profile is different in preeclampsia | Baig et al. (234) |
| STBEV | Dual placental perfusion | Ultracentrifugation | Platelet activating ability of EVs in preeclamsia | Tannetta et al. (235) |
| STBM | Primary syncytiotrophoblast cells Dual placenta perfusion system |
Ultracentrifugation | Pro-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activity of MVs in preeclampsia | Tannetta et al. (236) |
| STBM | Dual placenta perfusion system | Ultracentrifugation | Differential expression and pro-inflammatory activity of MV proteins in preeclampsia | Tannetta et al. (237) |
| STBEV | Dual placenta lobe perfusion model | Ultracentrifugation | Differential enrichment of EVs from placental perfusate | Dragovic et al. (41) |
| STBM | Dual placenta perfusion system | Ultracentrifugation | Cell-free fetal hemoglobin can change miRNA profile in STBM | Cronqvist et al. (238) |
STMB, syncytiotrophoblast-derived vesicles; EVs, extracellular vesicles; STBEV, syctiotrophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles; MV, microvesicles; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.