Table 2.
Summary of studies of EVs derived from adipose tissue.
| EVs | Source | Isolation method | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exosomes | Ad-MSC | Centrifugation | The exosomes showed inhibitory effect in the differentiation and activation of T cells and reduced the proliferation and IFN-γ release | Blazquez et al. (220) |
| Exosomes | Ad-MSC | Not specified | Graft-versus-host disease patients treated with the exosomes showed reduction in the symptoms | Ludwig et al. (221) |
| Exosomes | Primary culture of rat adipocytes | Centrifugation + filtration | A total of 509 proteins were identified, some of which are known to express in the adipocytes.Comparison of the exosomes derived from obese diabetic and obese non-diabetic showed differential expression of 200 proteins | Lee et al. (215) |
| Exosomes and microvesicles | Ad-MSC | Centrifugation | Comparison between MSCs and EVs showed a total of 128 proteins were selectively enriched in the EVs | Eirin et al. (213) |
| Exosomes and microvesicles | Ad-MSC | Centrifugation | Comparison between MSC and EVs showed enrichment of 4 miRNAs, 255 mRNAs, and 277 proteins enriched in EVs | Eirin et al. (214) |
| Exosomes | Human adipose tissue | Centrifugation | The exosomes are capable of impairing insulin signaling in the end target organ depending on the contents | Kranendonk et al. (207) |
| Exosomes and microvesicles | 3T3-L1 cells | Centrifugation | The concentration of EVs was higher, pre-adipogenesis and the exosomal proteins content differ between pre- and post-adipogenesis EVs | Connolly et al. (13) |
| Exosomes | Mice visceral adipose tissue | Centrifugation + density gradient | The exosomes released from obese adipose tissue induced the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages and development of insulin resistance in lean mice | Deng et al. (74) |
| Exosomes | Ad-MSC | Centrifugation | The exosomes promoted migration and upregulation of cancer-related signaling pathways in MCF7 | Lin et al. (201) |
| Exosomes | 3T3-L1 | Commercial kit | The exosomes reduced the accumulation of mHtt aggregates, improved mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased the survival of the cells | Lee et al. (217) |
| Exosomes and microvesicles | 3T3-L1 Primary culture of rat adipocytes Plasma |
Centrifugation | Perilipin A is enriched in adipocyte-derived EVs, especially from obese adipocytes. The expression decreased with reduced calorie diet intervention | Eguchi et al. (212) |
| Exosomes | 3T3-F442A Mice adipose tissue |
Centrifugation + density gradient | The exosomes promoted the migration of the tumor cells through fatty acid oxidation | Lazar et al. (204) |
| Exosomes and microvesicles | Ad-MSC | Filtration + centrifugation | The EVs decreased the apoptosis of the neuronal cells and increased remyelination and activation of neuroglial precursors | Farinazzo et al. (218) |
| Exosomes | Ad-stromal cells | Commercial kit | The exosomes protected the NSC-34 cells from oxidative damage and increased their survival | Bonafede et al. (219) |
| Exosomes | Ad-MSC | Commercial kit | The miR-122 in the exosomes increased the sensitivity of the hepatocellular carcinoma cells to chemotherapeutic agents | Lou et al. (18) |
| Exosomes | Human adipose tissue | Commercial kit | The miRNAs were differentially expressed between lean and obese exosomes and the obese exosomes induced TGF-β pathway dysregulation in HepG2 cells | Koeck et al. (200) |
| Exosomes | SGBS Human adipose tissue |
Centrifugation + density gradient | The exosomes differentiated the monocytes into macrophages. The macrophages pre-treated with exosomes from adipose tissue inhibited Akt-phosphorylation and insulin resistance in adipocytes | Kranendonk et al. (222) |
| Exosomes | Human adipose tissue | Commercial kit | The exosomes from obese adipose tissue suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt in both lean and obese skeletal muscle | Park et al. (14) |
| Exosomes | Human adipose tissue | Commercial kit | Differentially expressed miRNAs between lean and obese adipose-derived exosomes targets the TGF-β signaling and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways | Ferrante et al. (205) |
| Exosomes | Urine Serum |
Not specified | The exosomes contained mRNAs targeting the TGF-β signaling which is associated with airway remodeling | Epstein et al. (228) |
| Exosomes | Plasma Serum |
Commercial kit | The miRNA profile of exosomes changed subsequent to gastric bypass and improved the insulin resistance | Hubal et al. (229) |
| Exosomes | 3T3-L1 | Centrifugation + filtration | The hypoxic adipocyte-derived exosomes showed altered expression and increased secretion of proteins compared to normal adipocyte-derived exosomes | Sano et al. (97) |
Ad-MSC, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell; EVs, extracellular vesicles; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; 3T3-L1, preadipocyte cell line; MCF-7, human breast adenocarcinoma cell line; mHtt, mutant Huntington protein; 3T3-F442A, preadipocyte cell line; Ad-stromal cells, adipose tissue-derived stromal cells; NSC-34, motor neuron-like cells; HepG2, human liver cancer cell line; SGBS, Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome preadipocyte cell strain.