Table 1.

PRISMS taxonomy (from Pearce and colleagues, 2016).

Component name	Component description
Component 1. Information about the condition and/or its management	Providing people with LTCs with information and instruction about their LTC or about general aspects and principles of managing their LTC (physiology, medication, prognosis, emotional, psychosocial, etc.).
Component 2. Information about available resources	Providing people with LTCs with information (e.g. written, verbal, visual) on issues such as financial benefits, sources of social or peer support, charitable organizations.
Component 3. Provision of/agreement on specific clinical action plan and/or rescue medication	Written instructions prepared with or by a health-care professional to enable the person to stay in control of their condition, tailored to the person, LTC, and severity. Includes how to take medication, recognize symptoms of deterioration and what actions to take.
Component 4. Regular clinical review	A regular, scheduled review of the person, their condition and self-management, ­conducted by a health-care professional.
Component 5. Monitoring of condition with feedback	Monitoring symptoms, behaviours or objective measures related to LTC. Can be done by the person with a LTC or by others but the results must be fed back to the patient. Interpretation, decision and/or action is undertaken by the patient, but may be supported by a professional. Professionals may support self-management by reviewing monitored data and providing feedback to the patient.
Component 6. Practical support with adherence (medication or behavioural)	Provision of practical help to improve a person’s adherence to medication or behaviour change activities.
Component 7. Provision of equipment	Provision of equipment to enable, assist or promote self-monitoring and/or self-management of the LTC.
Component 8. Provision of easy access to advice or support when needed	People with LTCs are provided with flexible access to and timely advice from health services in the event of an urgent or non-urgent question or concern arising.
Component 9. Training/rehearsal to communicate with health care professionals	Teaching people with LTCs to develop communication skills/techniques to improve relationships, better communicate needs, and enhance shared decision making with health-care professionals. Also supporting/mentoring people with LTCs to practise the skills they have been taught.
Component 10. Training/rehearsal for everyday activities	Teaching people with LTCs to develop skills that support everyday activities and/or supporting people with LTCs to practise the skills they have been taught.
Component 11. Training/rehearsal for practical self-management activities	Teaching people with LTCs to develop specific practical skills that will enable them to manage their LTC, and/or supporting people with LTCs to practise the skills they have been taught.
Component 12. Training/rehearsal for psychological strategies	Teaching people with LTCs skills in using psychological strategies to help them better manage the consequences of an LTC and/or supporting them to practice the skills they have been taught. May include: problem-solving strategies, relaxation techniques, re-framing, distraction, cognitive restructuring, goal setting and action planning (prompts detailed planning of performance of the behaviour/outcome of the behaviour, NB this does not have to be health behaviour focussed).
Component 13. Social support	Facilitation of social support, where a person feels cared for and supported by others in a social network. May include befriending, peer support, peer mentoring and group socializing.
Component 14. Lifestyle advice and support	Provision of advice and support around health and lifestyle. Relates to practical advice and support in relation to handling life stressors, NOT psychological elements that relate to handling life stressors (see A12 for training/rehearsal in psychological strategies). May include general lifestyle advice and support concerning diet, physical activity, smoking cessation, and alcohol intake.