Table 1.
Sociodemographic, Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics at the Time of Blood Draw by HIV Status
| Cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Characteristic1 | PHIV (N=412) |
PHEU (N=207) |
P Value |
|
| Median (Q1, Q3) or N(%) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Age (yr) | 13.0 (10.6, 14.7) | 10.8 (9.0, 12.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Sex-male | 195 (47%) | 106 (51%) | 0.36 | |
| Hispanic (self-reported) | 100 (24%) | 70 (34%) | 0.01 | |
| Black race (self-reported) | 298 (76%) | 129 (64%) | 0.002 | |
| Continental ancestry (%)2 | ||||
| Africa | 69.8 (23.5, 81.4) | 62.0 (8.7, 77.1) | 0.01 | |
| Europe/CSK Asia | 17.5 (6.69, 50.4) | 23.5 (9.5, 58.4) | 0.02 | |
| Americas | 1.9 (1.3, 3.8) | 2.1 (1.4, 4.7) | 0.06 | |
| East Asia | 3.1 (2.1, 4.9) | 3.4 (2.1, 5.2) | 0.15 | |
| Oceania | 3.4 (2.0, 5.9) | 3.4 (2.1, 6.2) | 0.57 | |
| Season of blood draw | Spring | 110 (27%) | 54 (26%) | < 0.001 |
| Summer | 124 (30%) | 58 (28%) | ||
| Fall | 95 (23%) | 26 (13%) | ||
| Winter | 83 (20%) | 69 (33%) | ||
| Northern latitude3 | Northern | 250 (61%) | 103 (50%) | 0.01 |
| Vigorous activity (min/day) | 8.4 (0.0, 30.0) | 9.6 (0.0, 34.2) | 0.09 | |
| Vitamin D intake (IU/day) | 160 (93, 320) | 135 (79, 248) | 0.03 | |
| Vitamin D intake < 600 IU/day | 363 (94%) | 193 (97%) | 0.12 | |
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 713 (480, 1,029) | 700 (480, 1,004) | 0.65 | |
| Calcium intake < 1300 mg/day4 | 326 (84%) | 173 (87%) | 0.42 | |
| Phosphorus intake (mg/day) | 1,016 (726, 1,452) | 9670 (701, 1,387) | 0.37 | |
| Weight z-score | 0.15 (−0.76, 1.01) | 0.84 (−0.20, 1.83) | < 0.001 | |
| Height z-score | −0.30 (−1.13, 0.38) | 0.27 (−0.43, 0.97) | < 0.001 | |
| Percentage body fat (%)5 | 22.3 (15.1, 30.4) | 26.1 (18.6, 36.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Tanner stage6 | 1 | 86 (21%) | 65 (32%) | < 0.001 |
| 2 | 77 (19%) | 58 (28%) | ||
| 3 | 77 (19%) | 28 (14%) | ||
| 4 | 79 (19%) | 32 (16%) | ||
| 5 | 91 (22%) | 22 (11%) | ||
| Laboratory | ||||
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 22.0 (16.3, 27.7) | 22.6 (18.4, 27.0) | 0.17 | |
| 25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/ml | 175 (42%) | 71 (34%) | 0.05 | |
| 25(OH)D (ng/ml) | < 12.0 | 34 (8%) | 10 (5%) | 0.11 |
| 12.1–20.0 | 141 (34%) | 61 (29%) | ||
| >20.0 to 29.9 | 161 (39%) | 100 (48%) | ||
| ≥30 | 76 (18%) | 36 (17%) | ||
| PTH (pg/mL) | 31.1 (22.3, 45.9) | 26.2 (20.1, 37.4) | < 0.001 | |
| PTH >65 pg/ml | > 65 pg/mL | 38 (9%) | 5 (2%) | 0.002 |
| 25(OH)D and PTH | 25D ≤20 PTH >65 | 23 (6%) | 2 (1%) | 0.006 |
| 25D ≤20 PTH ≤65 | 152 (37%) | 69 (33%) | ||
| 25D>20 PTH >65 | 15 (4%) | 3 (1%) | ||
| 25D >20 PTH ≤65 | 222 (54%) | 132 (64%) | ||
| Calcium (mg/dl) | 9.6 (9.3, 9.9) | 9.7 (9.5, 10.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 4.5 (4.1, 5.0) | 4.9 (4.5, 5.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.56 (0.47, 0.65) | 0.54 (0.48, 0.62) | 0.14 | |
| Among PHIV | ||||
| Type of ART regimen | ||||
| PI | 40 (9.7) | |||
| NNRTI | 65 (15.8) | |||
| PI | 263 (63.8) | |||
| Other ART | 40 (9.7) | |||
| No ART | 4 (0.10) | |||
| Lifetime duration of ARV | 10.7 (8.6, 12.7) | |||
| Efavirenz – current use7 | 73 (18%) | |||
| Lifetime duration (yr) | 3.1 (1.5, 6.1) | |||
| Tenofovir – current use7 | 91 (23%) | |||
| Lifetime duration (yr) | 1.5 (0.5, 2.8) | |||
| CD4 T cell count (cells/mm3) | 699 (508, 919) | |||
| CD4 percent before ART initiation (%) | 30.0 (21.0, 38.0) | |||
| HIV RNA (log10 copies/mL) | 2.2 (1.7, 3.1) | |||
| HIV RNA < 400 copies/mL | 277 (67%) | |||
Abbreviations: PHIV-perinatally HIV-infected; PHEU-perinatally HIV-exposed uninfected; 25(OH)D -25 hydroxy-vitamin D; ART-antiretroviral.
Missing data for PHIV and PHEU : Hispanic (N=1, N=3); Black race (N=21, N=6); Birthplace (N=2.N=0); vigorous activity (N=79, N=14);); dietary intake (N=26, N=8); Tanner stage (N=2, N=2); PTH (N=0, N= 1); calcium (N=5, N=0), phosphate/creatinine (N=1, N=0); CD4 count (N=2); HIV viral load (N=0).
Continental origin (%) - The percent for each region is the percent present within an individual for that region. When looking by HIV status, it is the median of those individual percents for that region.
Northern: ≥ 39° degree latitude.
The RDA for calcium is 1100 for children 4–8 years old and 1,300 for children 9–18 years old.
No percent body fat measured on N=21 PHIV, N=8 PHEU) because there was no DXA scan within 365 days of the 25(OH)D.
If Tanner stage was missing at the time of 25(OH)D assessment, we carried forward the Tanner stage assessment from the previous annual or semi-annual visit, except for 4 children on which there was no previous Tanner stage assessment in AMP.
Twelve PHIV children are not included in these numbers. For 8 children the last information on ARV use was just prior to the 25(OH)D date, for 2 children ARV was started for the first time after the 25(OH)D date, and for2 children ARVs were never used. Of the 8 children with previous ARV use just prior to the 25(OH)D date, 1 had been on TDF, 2 on EFV, 1 on TDF and EFV, and 4 on neither TDF or EFV.