Table 3.
Differences in Sociodemographic, Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics by 25(OH)D Status at Time of Blood Draw - PHIV and PHEU Children Combined
| 25(OH)D Level | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Characteristic1 | ≤ 20 ng/mL (N=246) |
> 20 ng/mL (N=373) |
P Value |
|
| Median (Q1, Q3) or N(%) | ||||
| Age (yr) at 25(OH)D assessment | 13.1 (10.7, 14.8) | 11.9 (9.3, 13.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Sex-M | 98 (40%) | 203 (54%) | < 0.001 | |
| Black race | 198 (83%) | 229 (65%) | < 0.001 | |
| Continental ancestry (%) | ||||
| Africa | 72.0 (52.4, 81.9) | 55.5 (8.0, 78.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Europe/CSK Asia | 13.9 (6.3, 30.8) | 27.2 (9.0, 62.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Americas | 1.9 (1.3, 3.4) | 2.1 (1.3, 4.7) | 0.09 | |
| East Asia | 3.1 (2.1, 4.7) | 3.2 (2.1, 5.1) | 0.52 | |
| Oceania | 3.3 (2.2, 5.6) | 3.5 (2.0, 6.1) | 0.97 | |
| Season at time of blood draw | Spring | 75 (30%) | 89 (24%) | 0.004 |
| Summer | 53 (22%) | 129 (35%) | ||
| Fall | 48 (20%) | 73 (20%) | ||
| Winter | 70 (28%) | 82 (22%) | ||
| Northern latitude2 | 175 (71%) | 178 (48%) | <0.001 | |
| Vitamin D intake (IU/day) | 138 (78, 267) | 160 (95, 306) | 0.10 | |
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 713 (476, 1,009) | 710 (483, 1,027) | 0.84 | |
| Percentage of body fat (%)3 | 25.3 (17.9, 33.2) | 22.3 (15.1, 33.1) | 0.06 | |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 15.5 (13.1, 17.7) | 26.3 (23.2, 30.8) | < 0.001 | |
| PTH (pg/mL) | 33.7(23.8, 48.6) | 27.2 (20.3, 38.1) | < 0.001 | |
| PTH >65 pg/ml | 25 (10%) | 18 (5%) | 0.01 | |
| Calcium (mg/dl) | 9.5 (9.3, 9.8) | 9.7 (9.4, 9.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Phosphate (mg/dl) | 4.6 (4.1, 5.1) | 4.7 (4.3, 5.1) | 0.02 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.56 (0.49, 0.65) | 0.54 (0.46, 0.64) | 0.05 | |
| Among PHIV | ||||
| Efavirenz – current use4 | 38 (23%) | 33 (15%) | 0.047 | |
| TDF use – current use4 | 34 (21%) | 54 (25%) | 0.35 | |
| CD4 T cell count (cells/mm3) | 661 (462, 852) | 728 (540, 974) | 0.008 | |
| HIV RNA (log10 copies/mL) | 2.60 (1.70, 3.28) | 1.98 (1.70, 2.99) | 0.11 | |
Abbreviations: PHIV-perinatally HIV-infected; PHEU-perinatally HIV-exposed uninfected. PTH-parathyroid hormone; TDF-tenofovir; EFV-efavirenz, 25(OH)D – 25 hydroxy-vitamin D.
Missing data for 25(OH)D ≤20 ng/mL and >20 ng/mL: Black race (N=7, N=20); dietary intake (N=8, N=26); percent body fat (N=14, N=15), PTH (N=0, N= 1); calcium (N=4, N=1), phosphate/creatinine (N=1, N=0); EFV/TDF (N=4, N=6); CD4 count (N=0, N=2).
Northern latitude: ≥ 39° degrees latitude
No percent body fat measure because there was no total body DXA scan performed within 365 days of 25(OH)D (N=14, N=15).
Twelve PHIV children are not included in these numbers. For 8 children the last information on ARV use was just prior to the 25(OH)D date, for 2 children ARV was started for the first time after the 25(OH)D date, and for 2 children ARVs were never used. Of the 8 children with previous ARV use just prior to the 25(OH)D date, 1 had been on TDF, 2 on EFV, 1 on TDF and EFV, and 4 on neither TDF or EFV.