Figure 2.

The effect of pharmacological modulators of autophagy on the expression of differentiation markers. (a) U937 cells were incubated with AICAR (0.5 mM) and ATRA (1 μM) for 96 h. Chloroquine (25 μM) and rapamycin (20 nM) were added 15 min before addition of differentiation agents. (b) U937 cells were incubated with AICAR (0.5 mM), ATRA (1 μM), metformin (15 mM) and PMA (50 nM) for 48 h. 3-MA (5 or 10 mM) was added 15 min before addition of agents tested. The number of viable cells was determined by trypan blue exclusion and the expression of differentiation markers was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results are mean±S.E.M. of at least three independent experiments.