Table 2.

Domain-specific Protective Factors Predicting Violence in the Full Sample and Risk Subsamples^a


	Middle Adolescence Violence			Late Adolescence Violence

	Full Sample (n=808)	High Cumulative risk group (n=202)	Low SES Group (n=202)	Full Sample (n=808)	High Cumulative risk group (n=202)	Low SES Group (n=202)

	Odds Ratio
Early Adolescence

COMMUNITY

Opportunities	1.006	0.937	1.146	0.957	0.955	1.036
Rewards	0.845	1.201	0.628^*	0.873	0.982	0.795
Involvement	0.91	1.016	1.088	1.076	1.08	0.936
Bonding	0.945	0.871	1.482	0.856	0.858	1.029

SCHOOL

Opportunities	0.938	0.551	0.739	1.012	0.611	1.637
Involvement	1.206	1.31	0.862	1.176	1.01	0.944
Rewards	0.553^**	0.687	0.97	0.514^***	0.585	0.345^**
Bonding	0.912	1.463	1.156	1.014	1.137	1.606

FAMILY

Management	0.944	1.568	1.714	0.82	1.232	1.119
Rewards	0.998	0.917	0.986	0.872	0.665	0.593
Involvement^b	1.065	1.099	0.552	1.508^*	1.89	1.286
Bonding	0.798	0.719	0.801	0.805	0.553^*	0.876

Middle Adolescence

COMMUNITY

Opportunities				0.831	1.428	1.232
Rewards				0.885	0.947	0.724
Involvement^b				1.323^*	0.887	1.174
Bonding				0.845	0.868	0.778

SCHOOL

Opportunities				0.672^*	0.551	0.783
Involvement^b				1.467^**	1.61	1.508
Rewards				0.96	0.707	0.913
Bonding				0.608^**	0.619	0.449^**

FAMILY

Management				0.751^*	0.524^**	0.451^**
Rewards				0.638^***	0.706	1.014
Involvement^b				1.815^**	1.878	1.972
Bonding				0.653^**	0.593	0.842

p<0.05.

^**

p<0.01.

^***

p<0.001.

A multivariate ordered logistic regression assessed each protective factor, adjusting for race and gender

In bivariate, zero-order correlations the associations between these items and violence were non-significant and very close to zero. As described in the text, this is likely a suppressor effect due to correlations between gender and race and the involvement predictors.