Table 1.
Patients Demographic and Clinical Characteristics.
| Lumbar Fusion | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Patients (N = 15 222) | Conventional (N = 14 382) | Computer Assisted (N = 740) | P Value | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 42.3 ± 13.7 | 42.3 ± 13.7 | 42.9 ± 13.2 | .23 |
| Gender (%) | .46 | |||
| Woman | 55.6 | 55.7 | 54.3 | |
| Men | 44.4 | 44.3 | 45.7 | |
| Race (%) | <.001 | |||
| White | 85.6 | 85.3 | 91.4 | |
| Black or African American | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.7 | |
| American Indian or Native | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 | |
| Asian | 1.5 | 1.6 | 0.4 | |
| Unknown | 6.2 | 6.40 | 2.6 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.3 ± 6.4 | 30.3 ± 6.4 | 30.5 ± 6.7 | .58 |
| Diabetes (%) | .15 | |||
| Type 1 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 3.7 | |
| Type 2 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 11.9 | |
| Smoking (%) | 22.2 | 22.4 | 19.1 | .03 |
| Dyspnea (%) | ||||
| At rest | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0 | <.001 |
| Moderate exertion | 6.7 | 6.8 | 2.8 | |
| COPD (%) | 4.4 | 4.5 | 3.9 | .43 |
| CHF (%) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | <.001 |
| Dialysis (%) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | .22 |
| Hypertension (%) | 54.4 | 54.2 | 58.1 | .04 |
| Bleeding disease (%) | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.4 | .05 |
| Steroids (%) | 3.8 | 3.7 | 2.8 | .2 |
| ASA class (%) | <.001 | |||
| 1, No disturbance | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.4 | |
| 2, Mild disturbance | 50.7 | 51.1 | 42.4 | |
| 3, Severe disturbance | 44.0 | 43.5 | 52.8 | |
| 4, Life-threatening disturbance | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Blood transfusion within 48 hours preoperative (%) | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 | .09 |
| Operation time (minutes) | 206.2 ± 106.5 | 205.2 ± 106.1 | 227.0 ± 111.9 | <.001 |
| Elective surgery (%) | 94.8 | 95.3 | 96.9 | .04 |
| Outpatient (%) | 2.1 | 2.2 | 0.8 | .01 |
| Return to operation room (%) | 3.4 | 3.4 | 2.3 | .10 |
| Readmissiona | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.5 | .95 |
| Reoperationb | 3.6 | 3.6 | 2.7 | .69 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.
aThis variable was reported for only 2796 patients (n = 2719 in the conventional group and n = 77 in the computed-assisted group).
bThis variable was reported for only 3057 patients (n = 2983 in the conventional group and n = 74 in the computed-assisted group).