Expression of M1 & M2 markers relative to untreated healthy human peripheral blood MDM (U) in MDM treated with 10ng/mL LPS plus 20ng/mL IFN-γ (LPS) (M1 stimuli), or 20ng/mL IL-4 for 24 hours (IL-4) (M2 stimulus). (A) mRNA expression of M1 macrophage markers; TNF-α, IL-12β and PTGS2, in LPS plus IFN-γ or IL-4 treated MDM, compared to untreated MDM. (B) M2-specific mRNA expression of M2 macrophage markers; IL-10, CD200R1, MRC1, TGM2, in LPS plus IFN-γ- or IL-4-treated MDM, compared to untreated MDM. (C) TNF-α in supernatant of healthy human peripheral blood MDM stimulated with 10ng/mL LPS plus 20ng/mL IFN-γ, or 20ng/mL IL-4 for 24 hours, were measured using an ELISA Quantikine assay. Each experiment was performed in triplicate, with data expressed as mean ± SEM of five independent experiments. (*p<0.05, **p <0.01, ***p≤0.001).