Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the FranSO study
| Variable | WB-EMS&P (n=33); MV ± SD | Protein (n=33); MV ± SD | CG (n=34); MV ± SD | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 77.1±4.3 | 78.1±5.1 | 76.9±5.1 | 0.571 |
| Body height (cm) | 170.3±5.0 | 170.2±5.9 | 171.5±6.3 | 0.909 |
| Body weight (kg) | 75.8±7.5 | 76.2±9.0 | 76.7±9.3 | 0.584 |
| Soft LBM (kg)a,b | 46.3±3.7 | 46.6±4.6 | 47.0±4.8 | 0.799 |
| Sarcopenia (FNIH) (%)c | 24 | 24 | 26 | 0.885 |
| Sarcopenia (EWGSOP) (%)d | 30 | 24 | 26 | 0.848 |
| Habitual gait velocity (m/s)e | 1.26±0.20 | 1.24±0.16 | 1.27±0.18 | 0.857 |
| Number of diseases (n) | 2.71±0.76 | 2.78±0.90 | 2.56±0.89 | 0.584 |
| Hip or knee arthrosis (%) | 24 | 29 | 36 | 0.560 |
| Number of medications (n) | 3.3±1.6 | 3.5±1.5 | 3.4±1.7 | 0.801 |
| LLFDI (index)f | 1.52±0.59 | 1.58±0.56 | 1.53±0.45 | 0.193 |
| Physical activity (index)g | 4.35±1.48 | 4.16±1.39 | 4.68±1.65 | 0.371 |
| Training volume (min/week) | 36±34 | 35±31 | 40±34 | 0.810 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day)h | 2,187±474 | 2,017±704 | 2,321±679 | 0.352 |
| Protein intake (g/kg/day)h | 1.17±0.33 | 1.01±0.32 | 1.21±0.43 | 0.066 |
| CHO/fat/alcohol (g/kg)h | 218/86/20 | 223/80/20 | 242/89/19 | <0.239 |
Notes:
(Soft) lean body mass.
As determined by BIA (InBody 770, Seoul, Korea).
According to the Foundation of the National Institutes of Health.17
According to the EWGSOP.
As determined over a 10-m track.18
Late Life Function and Disability Instrument25 (scale from [1] “no problem” to [5] “impossible”).
Scale from (1) very low to (7) very high.24
As determined by a 4-day dietary record.
Abbreviations: BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; CG, control group; CHO, carbohydrates; EWGSOP, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People; FNIH, Foundation of the National Institutes of Health; FranSO, Franconian Sarcopenic Obesity; LBM, (soft) lean body mass; LLFDI, late life function and disability instrument; MV, mean value; SD, standard deviation; WB-EMS&P, whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplementation.