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. 2017 Oct 2;7:12508. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12863-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ant-infecting fungi of the genus Ophiocordyceps. Photographs of the five ant-infecting Ophiocordyceps fungi compared in this study as they emerge from their hosts. (a) O. kimflemingiae emerging from a C. castaneus ant that has died biting a twig and grasping it with the legs. Ghanaian Ponerine ants infected by local (b) O. australis s.l. and (c) O. subramanianii s.l. species that were manipulated to bite on vertical stems of small, understory vegetation. (d) O. camponoti-rufipedis emerging from a leaf biting C. rufipes ant, collected in the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil. (e) An O. australis s.l. species from that same region as found on Ponerine ants. Here, biting behavior is not induced and the ant dies in the leaf litter.