Table 2.
The effect of number of children on women’s labor supply and earnings
| OLS | IV | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–10 | 11–20 | 21–30 | 31–40 | 1–10 | 11–20 | 21–30 | 31–40 | |
| All | ||||||||
| Employment | –0.11** (0.0012) |
–0.043** (0.00063) |
–0.013** (0.00084) |
0.0056** (0.0013) |
–0.081** (0.025) |
–0.027* (0.013) |
0.028†
(0.017) |
0.019 (0.025) |
| Work hours | –4.88** (0.041) |
–2.52** (0.022) |
–1.34** (0.027) |
–0.34** (0.039) |
–5.00** (0.82) |
–1.82** (0.44) |
–0.25 (0.55) |
0.56 (0.76) |
| Earnings | –7.55** (0.073) |
–4.43** (0.044) |
–2.02** (0.051) |
–0.37** (0.067) |
–7.93** (1.48) |
–3.53** (0.88) |
0.60 (1.02) |
0.10 (1.33) |
| N | 370,316 | 530,199 | 393,818 | 212,025 | 370,316 | 530,199 | 393,818 | 212,025 |
| Work hours if employed | –3.18** | –1.84** | –1.37** | –0.90** | –3.07** | –1.44** | –0.98* | –0.10 |
| (0.045) | (0.018) | (0.021) | (0.039) | (0.91) | (0.36) | (0.39) | (0.70) | |
| N | 199,471 | 371,500 | 249,029 | 84,048 | 199,471 | 371,500 | 249,029 | 84,048 |
| No College | ||||||||
| Employment | –0.13** (0.0016) |
–0.052** (0.00076) |
–0.017** (0.00096) |
0.0019 (0.0014) |
–0.090** (0.032) |
–0.033* (0.015) |
0.040* (0.019) |
0.044 (0.027) |
| Work hours | –5.22** (0.049) |
–2.75** (0.026) |
–1.47** (0.031) |
–0.50** (0.042) |
–5.09** (0.98) |
–1.85** (0.52) |
0.039 (0.61) |
1.02 (0.84) |
| Earnings | –7.28** (0.077) |
–4.56** (0.046) |
–2.18** (0.054) |
–0.60** (0.069) |
–5.79** (1.56) |
–2.55** (0.91) |
1.51 (1.07) |
1.00 (1.37) |
| N | 266,834 | 410,060 | 324,615 | 182,133 | 266,834 | 410,060 | 324,615 | 182,133 |
| Hours if employed | –3.41** | –1.99** | –1.48** | –1.02** | –3.32** | –1.53** | –0.99* | –0.18 |
| (0.062) | (0.023) | (0.025) | (0.043) | (1.25) | (0.43) | (0.46) | (0.80) | |
| N | 123,708 | 269,352 | 194,539 | 71,166 | 123,708 | 269,352 | 194,539 | 71,166 |
| College | ||||||||
| Employment | –0.051** (0.0019) |
–0.011** (0.0010) |
0.0051** (0.0015) |
0.020** (0.0028) |
–0.060 (0.038) |
–0.015 (0.021) |
–0.035 (0.032) |
–0.15* (0.060) |
| Work hours | –4.21** (0.072) |
–1.76** (0.041) |
–0.71** (0.058) |
0.31** (0.092) |
–4.69** (1.46) |
–1.97* (0.85) |
–1.82 (1.19) |
–2.32 (1.87) |
| Earnings | –8.53** (0.17) |
–4.10** (0.11) |
–1.48** (0.15) |
0.14 (0.21) |
–12.6** (3.38) |
–7.06** (2.37) |
–4.68 (3.07) |
–5.83 (4.38) |
| N | 103,482 | 120,139 | 69,203 | 29,892 | 103,482 | 120,139 | 69,203 | 29,892 |
| Hours if employed | –3.10** | –1.58** | –1.01** | –0.31** | –3.10* | –1.24* | –0.91 | 0.30 |
| (0.065) | (0.030) | (0.039) | (0.088) | (1.30) | (0.61) | (0.74) | (1.43) | |
| N | 75,763 | 102,148 | 54,490 | 12,882 | 75,763 | 102,148 | 54,490 | 12,882 |
Notes: Each cell displays the result of a separate OLS or 2SLS estimation of the effect of number of children on women’s labor market outcomes. The outcome variable is indicated by the row header, and the time interval during which it is measured is indicated by the column header (the number in the header measures years since the birth of the second child). The sample in the top panel is all women in Norway who gave birth to a second child between 1970 and 2001. The next two panels show results from splitting this sample according to college education. Standard errors are shown in parentheses.
† p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01