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. 2017 Sep 28;4:160. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00160

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Copyright © 2017 Martin, Messenger, Sheats and Jones.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 mRNA levels in equine leukocytes. Equine leukocyte-rich plasma was stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS or vehicle (sterile PBS) for 1, 2, 6, or 18 h. mRNA was isolated, and levels of (A) TNFα, (B) IL-6, (C) IL-1β, and (D) IL-8 mRNA were quantified using real-time PCR with each sample assayed in triplicate. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM fold change in mRNA levels over untreated cells at 0 h (not shown). *p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference between LPS-stimulated cells and time-matched unstimulated controls via paired t-test; n = 4.