Table 1.
Classification of included studies (n = 64)
| Category | Study | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Potential HIV misdiagnosis and related factors | Aghokeng et al. [22] | Cameroon |
| Baltazar et al. [23] | Mozambique | |
| Baveewo et al. [24] | Uganda | |
| Bock et al. [14] | South Africa and Zambia | |
| Boeras et al. [25] | Zambia and Rwanda | |
| CDC [26] | Low- and low–middle-income countries (not specified) | |
| Crucitti et al. [27] | Benin, India, South Africa, Uganda and India | |
| da Costa et al. [28] | Brazil | |
| Eller et al. [29] | Uganda | |
| Fogel et al. [23] | Multiple countries in Africa | |
| Galiwango et al. [30] | Cameroon | |
| Granade et al. [31] | USA | |
| Gray et al. [32] | Uganda | |
| Hsiao et al. [33] | South Africa | |
| Jentsch et al. [34] | South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia | |
| Kanal et al. [35] | Cambodia | |
| Karugaba et al. [36] | Uganda | |
| Khan et al. [37] | Swaziland | |
| Klarkowski et al. [38] | Central Africa Republic, Congo, DRC, Ethiopia, Haiti, India, Cote d’Ivoire, Myanmar, Uganda and Zimbabwe | |
| Klarkowski et al. [10] | DRC | |
| Kufa et al. [39] | South Africa | |
| Learmonth et al. [40] | Multi-country study (26 countries) | |
| Manak et al. [16] | Nigeria | |
| Maparo et al. [41] | Zimbabwe | |
| Martin et al. [42] | USA | |
| Masina et al. [43] | Malawi | |
| Mayaphi et al. [44] | South Africa | |
| Mehra et al. [45] | India | |
| Mine et al. [46] | Botswana | |
| Nelson et al. [47] | Mozambique | |
| Sacks et al. [48] | UK | |
| Shanks et al. [11] | DRC, Burundi and Ethiopia | |
| Shanks et al. [13] | Ethiopia | |
| Shanks et al. [12] | Ethiopia | |
| Simoncini et al. [49] | Niger | |
| Stetler et al. [50] | Honduras | |
| Tchounga et al. [51] | Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire and Mali | |
| Wolpaw et al. [52] | South Africa | |
| Viani et al. [53] | USA and Mexico | |
| Young et al. [54] | Mozambique | |
| Focus on misdiagnosis of HIV-negative serostatus | Bassett et al. [55] | South Africa |
| Kahemele et al. [56] | Tanzania | |
| Matambo et al. [57] | Zimbabwe | |
| Olaru et al. [58] | Zimbabwe | |
| General quality issues from sites conducting HIV testing services | Adebayo et al. [59] | Nigeria |
| Benzaken et al. [60] | Brazil | |
| Bile et al. [61] | Botswana | |
| Cham et al. [62] | 30 countries in Africa | |
| General quality issues | Iwe et al. [63] | Nigeria |
| from sites conducting | Kalou et al. [64] | Uganda and Tanzania |
| HIV testing services | Kitheka et al. [65] | Kenya |
| (Continued) | Kyaw et al. [8] | Myanmar |
| Louis et al. [66] | Haiti | |
| Lali et al. [67] | Uganda | |
| Manyazewal et al. [68] | Ethiopia | |
| Mashauri et al. [69] | Tanzania | |
| Mwangala et al. [70] | Zambia | |
| Ntim et al. [71] | Ghana | |
| Ocheng et al. [72] | Tanzania | |
| Plate et al. [5] | 11 countries in Africa | |
| SEAD [7] | South Africa | |
| Sushi et al. [73] | India | |
| Tegbaru et al. [74] | Ethiopia |
DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo.