Table 2.

ncRNAs causing cardiovascular diseases.

ncRNA	Disease condition	Effect	Description
miRNAs
miR-378 miR-122 miR-29 miR-26	Cardiac fibrosis	Negative, prognostic/diagnostic	Abnormal expression could induce cardiac fibrosis targeting TFG-β including miRNA [15]
miR-126 miR-17-92 cluster	Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation	Negative, prognostic	Negative regulation of angiogenesis in epithelial cells [9]
miR-221 miR-222 miR-155	Initial stages of atherosclerosis	Positive, therapeutic	Inflammatory response of endothelial cells and showing antiangiogenic effects [9, 22]
miR-143 miR-145	Injured or atherosclerosis	Negative, prognostic	Regulation of phenotype of VSMCs in response to injury [9]
miR-21 miR-146a	Vascular injury	Positive, therapeutic	Phenotypic modulation of VSMCs [9]
miR-208a	Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)	Negative, prognostic/diagnostic	Causes hypertrophic cardiac growth and fibrosis [13]
miR-23a	Pathological hypertrophy	Negative, prognostic/therapeutic	Upregulated as a result of hypertrophic stimuli in cardiomyocytes, downregulation can be done by ASO [13]
miR-29 miR-24 miR-320	Fibrosis and scar formation	Negative, prognostic	Expression levels drop after a myocardial infarction [13]
miR-19 miR-21 miR-146 miR-155 miR-133	Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and coronary artery disease (CAD)	Negative, prognostic/diagnostic	Microparticles from plasma shows elevated amounts in ACS patients when compared to CAD patients [10, 23]
miR-1 miR-133 miR-208a	Arrhythmias	Diagnostic	The presence of these miRNAs can be used as diagnostic features for arrhythmia, fibrosis, and metabolic disorders [24]
miR-21 miR-29	Fibrosis	Diagnostic
miR-33	Metabolic disorders	Diagnostic
circRNAs
Heart Related Circular RNA (HRCR)	Cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure	Positive, prognostic/therapeutic	Protects the heart from pathological conditions caused by miR-223 by acting as its miRNA sponge resulting in increased amounts of ARC expressions. HRCR is therefore a target for drug development [15]
Cdr1as	Myocardial infarction injuries	Negative, prognostic	miR-7 sponge, the target genes of miR-7 are SP1 and PARP (poly-ADP-ribose polymerase) and they cause cell apoptosis; therefore the reduction in miR-7 increases the cell apoptosis causing SP1 and PARP [15]
Circ-Foxo3	Cardiac senescence	Negative, diagnostic	Highly expressed in patients and causes cells to be held up at G1 phase unable to transit to S phase. Represses cell cycle progression and proliferation [15].
Circular Antisense non coding RNA in INK4 locus (cANRIL)	Atherosclerosis risk	Negative, diagnostic	Regulate atherosclerosis [15]