Fig. 1.

Experimental paradigm. (A) Each trial started with an auditory cue that predicted the orientation of the subsequent grating stimulus. This first grating was followed by a second one, which differed slightly from the first in terms of orientation and contrast. In separate runs, participants performed either an orientation or contrast discrimination task on the two gratings. (B) Throughout the experiment, two different tones were used as cues, each one predicting one of the two possible orientations (45° or 135°) with 75% validity. These contingencies were flipped halfway through the experiment. (C) In separate grating localizer runs, participants were exposed to task-irrelevant gratings while they performed a fixation dot dimming task.