Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Conditions | n | Dosage | Delivery | Age | W, % | Sp, % | Attr, % | Measures
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | Anxiety | Stress | Burden | QoL | |||||||||
| Brown et al, 201627 (USA) | MBSR SS |
23 15 |
8* (1.5–2) hr/wk; a day (retreat) 8* (1.5–2) hr/wk |
G G |
61.1 | 84 | 42 | 17.4% | POMS-D | – | PSS | ZBI | SF-36 |
| Hou et al, 201433 (Hong Kong, SAR China) | MBSR Inf |
70 71 |
8* 2 hr/wk – |
G I |
57.5 | 83 | 40 | 8.6% | CESD | STAI | PSS | – | SF-12 |
| Lavretsky et al, 201328 (USA) | KK rel |
23 16 |
8 wk, 12 min/day 8 wk, 12 min/day |
I I |
60.5 | 95 | 27 | 8.0% | HDRS | – | – | – | SF-36 |
| Losada et al, 201532 (Spain) | ACT MS |
33 31 |
8* 1.5 hr/wk 2 hr, once |
I | 61.8 | 84 | 41 | 26.7% | CESD | POMS-A | – | – | – |
| Oken et al, 201029 (USA) | MBSR SS |
8 11 |
6* 1.5 hr/wk 6* 1.5 hr/wk |
G G |
62.5 | 81 | 74 | 20.0% | CESD | – | PSS | RMBP-C | – |
| Waelde et al, 201730 (USA) | IR TS |
16 15 |
8* 1.5 hr/wk; 3 hr (retreat) 6* (10–15 min)/biwk |
G I |
59.6 | 100 | – | 0.0% | CESD | – | – | – | – |
| Whitebird et al, 201331 (USA) | MBSR SS |
38 40 |
8* 2.5 hr/wk; 5 hr (retreat); 1.5 hr (“booster”) 8* 2.5 hr/wk +5 hr |
G G |
56.8 | 89 | 26 | 2.6% | CESD | STAI | PSS | MBCB-S | SF-12 |
Notes:
Number of sessions. POMS-D, Depression subscale of the Profile of Mood States;34 POMS-A, Tension-Anxiety subscale of the Profile of Mood States;34 PSS, the Perceived Stress Scale;35 ZBI, the Zarit Burden Interview;36 SF, the mental component summary of the Health Survey;37–39 CESD, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale;40 STAI, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory;41 HDRS, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale;42 RMBP-C, the Reaction component of Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist;43 MBCB-S, the subjective stress burden subscale of the Montgomery Borgatta Caregiver Burden Scale.44
Abbreviations: n, number of participants; W, women; Sp, spouse; Attr, attrition (the percentage of participants no long participating the mindfulness training after randomization); QoL, mental health-related quality of life; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; SS, participants received education, discussion, and social support related with dementia caregiving; Inf, participants received information related to dementia caregiving from a self-help booklet; KK, a yogic meditation named “Kirtan Kriya”; rel, relaxation, listening to music; ACT, acceptance and commitment therapy; MS, minimal support; IR, inner resources meditation including mindfulness meditation, breath-focused imaginary, and mantra repetition; TS, telephone support; hr, hour; wk, week; biwk, bi-week; min, minute; I, individual-based; G, group-based.