Table 2.
Biomarkers of tobacco and nicotine delivery product use and exposure
Smoke Constituent | Example/Biomarker | Measured in | References |
---|---|---|---|
Nicotine | Cotinine | Blood Urine Saliva Respiratory fluids |
(22, 27, 28, 38) |
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines | NNK/NNAL | Urine | (41, 49, 53, 62, 98, 118, 144) |
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) | 1,3-Butadiene/N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-l-cysteine(MHBMA-3) | Urine | (151, 223) |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) | Pyrene/1-hydroxypyrene | Urine | (87, 221) |
Metals | Cadmium | Blood Urine |
(158, 175) |
CO | Exhaled CO carboxyhemoglobin |
Blood Breath |
(31, 63, 134, 153, 208, 218, 220) |