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. 2017 May 18;313(3):L425–L452. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00343.2016

Table 2.

Biomarkers of tobacco and nicotine delivery product use and exposure

Smoke Constituent Example/Biomarker Measured in References
Nicotine Cotinine Blood
Urine
Saliva
Respiratory fluids
(22, 27, 28, 38)
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines NNK/NNAL Urine (41, 49, 53, 62, 98, 118, 144)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 1,3-Butadiene/N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-l-cysteine(MHBMA-3) Urine (151, 223)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) Pyrene/1-hydroxypyrene Urine (87, 221)
Metals Cadmium Blood
Urine
(158, 175)
CO Exhaled CO
carboxyhemoglobin
Blood
Breath
(31, 63, 134, 153, 208, 218, 220)
HHS Vulnerability Disclosure