Table 3.
Pretest, posttest, and comparison of score change between the intervention and control groups on assessment
| Variables | Treatment group (n=18) |
t (P) | Control group (n=20) |
t (P) | F (P) | Partial eta-squared |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||
| MoCA score | 4.254 (0.001)** | 0.000 (1.000) | 4.452 (0.043)* | 0.126 | ||
| Pretest | 21.00 (2.81) | 20.08 (1.96) | ||||
| Posttest | 23.56 (2.90) | 20.08 (2.65) | ||||
| Score change | 2.56 (2.55) | −0.00 (2.10) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | 1.29, 3.28 | −0.98, 0.98 | ||||
| MoCA (adj) score | 4.254 (0.001)** | 0.000 (1.000) | 4.282 (0.047)* | 0.121 | ||
| Pretest | 21.61 (2.50) | 21.40 (1.88) | ||||
| Posttest | 24.17 (2.88) | 21.40 (2.68) | ||||
| Score change | 2.56 (2.55) | 0.000 (2.10) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | 1.29, 3.82 | −0.98, 0.98 | ||||
| Alternative trail making | 2.557 (0.020)* | −1.000 (0.330) | 0.485 (0.491) | 0.015 | ||
| Pretest | 0.56 (0.51) | 0.65 (0.49) | ||||
| Posttest | 0.83 (0.38) | 0.50 (0.51) | ||||
| Score change | 0.28 (0.46) | −0.15 (0.67) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | 0.05, 0.51 | −0.46, 0.16 | ||||
| Cube drawing test | 0.566 (0.579) | −1.710 (0.104) | 0.410 (0.527) | 0.013 | ||
| Pretest | 0.33 (0.49) | 0.25 (0.44) | ||||
| Posttest | 0.39 (0.50) | 0.45 (0.51) | ||||
| Score change | 0.06 (0.42) | 0.20 (0.52) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | −0.15, 0.26 | −0.05, 0.45 | ||||
| Clock drawing test | 1.844 (0.083) | 0.825 (0.419) | 0.476 (0.496) | 0.015 | ||
| Pretest | 2.61 (0.78) | 2.45 (0.83) | ||||
| Posttest | 2.78 (0.55) | 2.60 (0.60) | ||||
| Score change | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.15 (0.81) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | −0.02, 0.36 | −0.23, 0.53 | ||||
| Naming | 2.204 (0.042)* | 0.634 (0.541) | 1.654 (0.208) | 0.051 | ||
| Pretest | 2.39 (0.78) | 2.05 (0.61) | ||||
| Posttest | 2.61 (0.50) | 2.15 (0.68) | ||||
| Score change | 0.22 (0.43) | 0.10 (0.72) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | 0.01, 0.44 | −0.24, 0.44 | ||||
| Attention | 1.458 (0.163) | 0.418 (0.681) | 1.090 (0.304) | 0.034 | ||
| Pretest | 4.72 (0.90) | 4.85 (1.18) | ||||
| Posttest | 5.06 (1.06) | 4.75 (0.97) | ||||
| Score change | 0.33 (0.97) | −0.10 (0.97) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | −0.15, 0.82 | −0.60, 0.40 | ||||
| Sentence repetition | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Pretest | 2.00 (0.00) | 2.00 (0.00) | ||||
| Posttest | 2.00 (0.00) | 2.00 (0.00) | ||||
| Score change | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | ||||
| Verbal fluency | 1.000 (0.331) | NA | 0.469 (0.499) | 0.015 | ||
| Pretest | 0.89 (0.32) | 0.95 (0.22) | ||||
| Posttest | 0.94 (0.24) | 0.95 (0.22) | ||||
| Score change | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.00 (0.00) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | −0.06, 0.17 | 0.00 (0.00) | ||||
| Abstraction | 1.458 (0.163) | 0.438 (0.666) | 0.608 (0.442) | 0.019 | ||
| Pretest | 1.28 (0.58) | 1.30 (0.57) | ||||
| Posttest | 1.50 (0.51) | 1.35 (0.59) | ||||
| Score change | 0.22 (0.65) | 0.00 (1.12) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | −10, 0.54 | −0.19, 0.29 | ||||
| Delayed recall | 2.557 (0.020)* | −0.000 (1.000) | 5.041 (0.032)* | 0.140 | ||
| Pretest | 1.00 (1.41) | 0.80 (0.89) | ||||
| Posttest | 2.11 (1.57) | 0.80 (1.06) | ||||
| Score change | 1.11 (1.84) | −0.05 (1.09) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | 0.19, 2.03 | −0.53, 53 | ||||
| Orientation | 0.294 (0.772) | −0.567 (0.577) | 0.000 (0.994) | 0.000 | ||
| Pretest | 5.22 (0.81) | 5.50 (0.61) | ||||
| Posttest | 5.28 (1.02) | 5.35 (1.09) | ||||
| Score change | 0.06 (0.80) | −0.15 (1.18) | ||||
| 95% CI of the score change | −0.34, 46 | 1.70, 40 |
Notes:
*
Significant at P<0.05;
**
significant at P<0.01; t: paired-samples t-test; F: ANCOVA controlling for age, sex, marital status, and education level.
Abbreviations: adj, adjusted; ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Hong Kong version); MoCA (adj), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Hong Kong version) adjusted score; NA, not applicable.