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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Immunol. 2017 Jul 19;47:57–63. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.003

Table 1.

Development of vaccines to generate tumor-reactive T cells

Strategy General Overview Reference
Cell-based vaccines
Tumor cells/lysate Killed autologous tumor, cancer cell lines or cell lysates 7, 38
Genetically modified tumor cells Tumor cell lines bioengineered to express cytokines (e.g. GM-CSF, IL- 4) 812, 39
Dendritic cells DCs are isolated or prepared ex vivo and loaded with TAg and then injected to patients 40
Microorganism-based vaccines
Recombinant viruses Attenuated viruses that encode TAg 4143
Recombinant bacteria Attenuated, TAg-expressing bacteria (Listeria, Salmonella) 4445
Recombinant yeast Recombinant yeast particles expressing TAg on their surface enhance and promote presentation of TAg by APCs while avoiding risks associated with live pathogen vaccine models 46
Subunit vaccines
Peptides, proteins Short, or long TAg-derived; synthetic peptides including helper epitopes; carbohydrate- mimetic peptides 20, 21, 26, 3033, 35, 47
DNA or RNA DNA plasmids or RNA encoding TAg or identified T cell epitopes injected to transduce host cells to express TAg 48, 49
Heat shock proteins HSP-TAg complexes isolated from patient tumor extracts to target TAg to APCs 50