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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Affect Disord. 2017 Aug 15;225:365–373. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.021

Table 2.

Mutually adjusted odds ratios from multinomial logistic regression of violence categories on sociodemographics, substance use disorders,a serious psychological distress, major depressive episode, criminal justice involvement, and assault arrest, NSDUH 2008–2015

Background characteristics
and potential risk factors		 Contrast of Violence Categories
Self-directed
vs. none		 Other-
directed
vs. none		 Combined
vs. none		 Other-
directed
vs. self-
directed		 Combined
vs. self-
directed		 Combined
vs. other-
directed
OR 95%CI OR 95%CI OR 95%CI OR 95%CI OR 95%CI OR 95%CI
Sociodemographics
Gender
  Male 1.0 0.8–1.1 1.6** 1.4–1.7 1.1 0.8–1.5 1.6** 1.3–1.9 1.1 0.8–1.5 0.7* 0.5–0.9
  Female 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
Race/ethnicity
  Non-Hispanic White 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  Non-Hispanic Black 1.3* 1.1–1.6 2.0** 1.8–2.2 2.8** 2.0–3.8 1.5** 1.2–1.9 2.2** 1.5–3.2 1.4* 1.0–2.0
  Non-Hispanic Native American/AK Native 1.6 0.9–2.8 1.6** 1.2–2.1 2.3* 1.1–4.6 1.0 0.5–1.8 1.4 0.6–3.5 1.4 0.7–2.9
  Non-Hispanic Native HI/other Pacific Islander 0.7 0.2–2.9 2.0 1.0–3.9 1.7 0.3–8.2 2.9 0.6–14.2 2.5 0.3–23.2 0.9 0.2–4.7
  Non-Hispanic Asian 1.8* 1.1–2.9 1.0 0.7–1.4 1.1 0.4–2.7 0.6* 0.3–1.0 0.6 0.2–1.6 1.1 0.4–3.0
  Non-Hispanic more than one race 1.3 0.9–1.9 1.8** 1.3–2.5 2.8** 1.4–5.5 1.4 0.9–2.1 2.1* 1.0–4.6 1.6 0.8–3.1
  Hispanic 1.2 1.0–1.4 1.3** 1.1–1.5 1.2 0.8–1.8 1.1 0.9–1.4 1.0 0.7–1.6 1.0 0.6–1.4
Age
  8–20 2.4** 1.9–3.1 3.7** 3.2–4.3 7.1** 4.3–11.7 1.6** 1.1–2.1 2.9** 1.7–5.2 1.9* 1.1–3.2
  21–25 1.4** 1.1–1.7 2.5** 2.2–2.9 4.0** 2.4–6.5 1.8** 1.4–2.4 2.9** 1.6–5.0 1.6 1.0–2.7
  26–34 0.9 0.7–1.2 1.7** 1.4–1.9 1.7 0.9–3.1 1.8** 1.3–2.4 1.8 0.9–3.4 1.0 0.6–1.8
  35–49 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  50+ 0.9 0.7–1.2 0.8* 0.7–1.0 0.6 0.2–1.4 0.9 0.7–1.2 0.6 0.3–1.6 0.7 0.3–1.7
Education
  Less than high school 1.2* 1.0–1.5 1.4** 1.2–1.6 1.5* 1.1–2.2 1.1 0.9–1.4 1.3 0.9–1.8 1.1 0.8–1.6
  High school 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  Some college 0.9 0.7–1.1 0.8** 0.7–0.9 0.8 0.6–1.3 0.9 0.7–1.1 0.9 0.6–1.5 1.1 0.7–1.6
  College graduate 0.7** 0.6–0.9 0.4** 0.4–0.5 0.3** 0.1–0.6 0.6** 0.4–0.8 0.4* 0.2–0.9 0.7 0.3–1.5
Marital status
  Married 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  Widowed 1.1 0.7–1.7 1.9** 1.4–2.8 3.4* 1.2–9.9 1.8 1.0–3.3 3.2* 1.0–9.8 1.8 0.6–5.0
  Divorced or separated 1.5** 1.2–2.0 1.4** 1.2–1.8 2.5** 1.5–4.2 0.9 0.7–1.3 1.6 0.9–2.9 1.7 1.0–3.0
  Never married 1.2 0.9–1.5 1.5** 1.3–1.8 1.2 0.7–1.8 1.3 1.0–1.7 1.0 0.6–1.6 0.8 0.5–1.2
Family income
  Less than $10,000 1.5** 1.2–1.8 1.1 0.9–1.2 1.2 0.7–1.8 0.7* 0.6–0.9 0.8 0.5–1.3 1.1 0.7–1.7
  $10,000–$29,999 1.2* 1.0–1.5 1.1* 1.0–1.3 1.1 0.8–1.6 0.9 0.7–1.2 0.9 0.6–1.3 1.0 0.7–1.4
  $30,000–$74,999 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  $75,000+ 0.8 0.6–1.0 1.0 0.8–1.1 0.6 0.4–1.0 1.2 0.9–1.6 0.8 0.4–1.4 0.7 0.4–1.1
Substance use disordersa
Alcohol use disorders (past year)
  0–1 criteria 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  2–3 criteria 1.7** 1.3–2.2 2.1** 1.9–2.4 1.8* 1.1–3.0 1.2 0.9–1.6 1.1 0.6–1.9 0.9 0.5–1.4
  4+ criteria 2.0** 1.6–2.5 2.6** 2.3–2.9 3.1** 2.1–4.6 1.3* 1.0–1.6 1.6* 1.0–2.4 1.2 0.8–1.8
Nicotine dependence (past month)
  No 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  Yes 1.3** 1.1–1.6 1.5** 1.3–1.7 1.7** 1.3–2.4 1.1 0.9–1.4 1.3 0.9–1.9 1.2 0.8–1.6
Marijuana use disorders (past year)
  0–1 criteria 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  2–3 criteria 1.1 0.9–1.4 1.6** 1.4–1.8 2.0** 1.3–3.1 1.4** 1.1–1.8 1.7* 1.1–2.9 1.2 0.8–1.9
  4+ criteria 1.0 0.7–1.5 1.6** 1.4–1.9 1.3 0.8–2.1 1.6* 1.0–2.5 1.3 0.7–2.4 0.8 0.5–1.3
Cocaine use disorders (past year)
  0–1 criteria 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  2–3 criteria 0.7 0.2–2.0 1.1 0.8–1.7 2.5* 1.1–5.7 1.7 0.5–5.6 3.7* 1.2–11.9 2.2 1.0–5.1
  4+ criteria 1.4 0.9–2.1 1.6* 1.0–2.4 2.8** 1.5–5.1 1.1 0.7–1.9 2.0* 1.1–3.9 1.8 1.0–3.3
Hallucinogen use disorders (past year)
  0–1 criteria 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  2–3 criteria 1.7 0.8–3.8 1.4 0.9–2.3 1.4 0.5–4.1 0.8 0.4–1.8 0.8 0.3–2.5 1.0 0.4–2.6
  4+ criteria 2.0 0.8–4.8 1.5 0.7–3.0 1.9 0.7–5.1 0.7 0.3–1.8 1.0 0.3–2.7 1.3 0.5–3.1
Heroin use disorders (past year)
  0–1 criteria 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  2+ criteria 0.8 0.4–1.4 1.3 0.8–1.9 0.5 0.2–1.0 1.6 0.8–3.2 0.6 0.2–1.4 0.4* 0.1–0.9
Inhalant use disorders (past year)
  0–1 criteria 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  2+ criteria 3.5* 1.3–9.2 0.9 0.5–1.8 1.8 0.5–6.3 0.3** 0.1–0.7 0.5 0.1–1.9 2.0 0.6–7.1
Pain reliever use disorders (past year)
  0–1 criteria 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  2–3 criteria 1.4 1.0–2.1 1.8** 1.3–2.5 1.6 0.9–2.7 1.3 0.8–2.1 1.1 0.6–2.0 0.9 0.5–1.6
  4+ criteria 1.6* 1.1–2.4 1.5** 1.2–1.9 3.1** 1.8–5.2 0.9 0.6–1.5 1.9* 1.0–3.6 2.0* 1.1–3.6
Sedative use disorders (past year)
  0–1 criteria 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  2+ criteria 1.7 0.9–3.4 1.5 0.8–2.5 1.1 0.3–4.0 0.9 0.4–1.7 0.6 0.2–2.3 0.7 0.2–2.5
Stimulant use disorders (past year)
  0–1 criteria 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  2–3 criteria 2.0* 1.1–3.5 0.9 0.6–1.4 0.9 0.4–2.3 0.5* 0.2–0.9 0.5 0.2–1.2 1.0 0.4–2.6
  4+ criteria 0.9 0.5–1.9 1.4 0.8–2.4 2.6* 1.3–5.5 1.5 0.7–3.4 2.8* 1.1–7.1 1.9 0.9–3.8
Tranquilizer use disorders (past year)
  0–1 criteria 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  2–3 criteria 1.5 0.8–2.7 1.6* 1.1–2.5 1.5 0.5–4.2 1.1 0.5–2.2 1.0 0.4–2.7 0.9 0.3–2.7
  4+ criteria 1.3 0.8–2.3 0.8 0.4–1.5 0.6 0.2–1.6 0.6 0.3–1.1 0.4 0.2–1.1 0.7 0.3–2.0
Serious psychological distress (past year)
  No 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  Yes 7.8** 6.3–9.6 2.6** 2.3–3.0 20.0** 12.1–33.1 0.3** 0.3–0.4 2.6** 1.5–4.5 7.6** 4.5–12.7
Major depressive episode (past year)
  No 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  Yes 3.0** 2.5–3.5 1.4** 1.2–1.6 3.1** 2.1–4.7 0.5** 0.4–0.6 1.1 0.7–1.6 2.3** 1.4–3.6
Criminal justice involvement (past year)
  No 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  Yes 1.6** 1.3–2.1 1.7** 1.4–1.9 1.5 1.0–2.2 1.0 0.8–1.4 0.9 0.6–1.5 0.9 0.6–1.3
Assault arrest (past year)
  No 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref 1.0 Ref
  Yes 2.9** 1.8–4.5 6.9** 5.7–8.4 9.2** 5.7–15.1 2.4** 1.5–3.8 3.2** 1.7–6.2 1.3 0.8–2.2

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference category.

a

Alcohol use disorder, marijuana use disorder, and other drug use disorders in the past year were based on the original DSM-IV criteria excluding the criterion of legal problems. However, nicotine dependence in the past month was assessed based on the dependence criteria according to the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) and the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND).

*

p < 0.05;

**

p < 0.01

Note: All the predictors are significant (p < 0.01) based on adjusted Wald test, except the number of criteria for cocaine use disorders (p = 0.0200), hallucinogen use disorders (p = 0.5362), heroin use disorders (p = 0.1788), Inhalant use disorders (p = 0.0399), sedative use disorders (p = 0.3654), stimulant use disorders (p = 0.0237), and tranquilizer use disorders (p = 0.0521).