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. 2017 Oct 3;8:768. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00756-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — Non-classical pathways during calcium oxalate precipitation in the presence of citrate. a Schematic drawing illustrating the sequence of stages during calcium oxalate formation in the presence of citrate. b An overview of the energetics of calcium oxalate crystallization pathways from supersaturated solutions under thermodynamic (classical pathway, black line) and kinetic control (this study, blue line in the absence of citrate and red line in the presence of citrate)