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. 2017 Oct 3;7:12621. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12736-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Different stages of human intestinal organoid (HIO) development. (A) Morphology of a single layer culture of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). (B) Morphology of PSC-derived definitive endoderm. (C and D) Morphologies of PSC-derived hindgut spheroids, including tube-like (C) and free floating (D) hindgut spheroids. (E) Morphology of a fully developed HIO. (F) An EM micrograph showing typical microvilli (upward arrow) with carbohydrates (downward arrow) on the surface of a fully developed HIO.