Fig. 4.

Global surface temperature, precipitation and wind patterns in response to the volcanic forcing. August–September–October of year 0 mean precipitation (mm day⁻¹, left), surface temperature (°C, right) and surface wind (m s⁻¹, vectors) paired anomalies after the Pinatubo eruption in a, b the IPSL-CM5B coupled model ensemble starting from neutral conditions, and with its atmosphere component initialized with c, d ALL, e, f ATM, g, h OCEAN and i, j LAND boundary conditions. Anomalies are shown only when significant at 90% according to the two-tailed Welch’s t-test